Boone County Historical Society'sOnline Archives

Col. Richard Gentry & Boone County Soldiers in the Seminole War -- 1837

2011-12-28T16:33:00.000-06:00

Submitted by Mary Helen Catlett Allen

Transcriber’s Note: The following appeared in the October 15th and 16th, 1937 issues of the Columbia (Missouri) Daily Tribune. It was written by William R. Gentry, Jr. St., Louis, Mo., great-grandson of Col. Richard Gentry.

On October 15, 1837, one hundred years ago today, there was great excitement in Columbia; people flocked into town from miles around to witness the departure of the First Regiment of Volunteers for the Seminole War.

The Seminole Indians had been causing trouble to the government for a long time. They had allied themselves with the British against us during the Revolution, and again in the War of 1812. They were a constant menace to the settlers of Florida and Georgia and frequently made raids on the villages of the whites, burning their crops and killing their cattle. Congress, in 1832, decreed that all Indians east of the Mississippi should be moved to the Indian Territory, and the regular army was sent to Florida, to transport the Seminoles. But the Indians took refuge in the Everglades and swamps, and could not be caught by the regulars.

By 1837, the government had spent over twelve million dollars and had almost one-half of the regular army on duty in Florida, with no results. Senator Thomas H. Benton of Missouri took a leading part in criticizing the administration of President Van Buren and declared that the job was one for western frontiersmen, rather than for the regular army. He secured the passage of legislation authorizing the raising of volunteers from the western states, and at his suggestion, Secretary of War Poinsett, commissioned Richard Gentry, of Columbia, as colonel, and directed Gentry to raise a regiment of 600 men for duty in Florida.

Gentry was a native of Kentucky. After service in the War of 1812 with Kentucky troops, he moved to Missouri in 1816, and became one of the founders of Columbia in 1820. He had been a major general in charge of Missouri troops during the Black Hawk War of 1832, and at the time of being commissioned as colonel of volunteers, he was serving as postmaster of Columbia. He was a robust, virile man, and always ready to engage in anything that promised excitement. He was a warm personal friend of Senator Benton.
His commission was issued on Sept. 8; he immediately traveled through the central portion of the state, seeking recruits. Companies were raised as follows: Boone county, Capt. John Ellis and Thomas D. Grant: Callaway county, Capt. Wm. H. Russell: Howard county, Capt. Congreve Jackson: Chariton county, Capt. James Flore: Ray county, Capt. Pollard: Jackson county, Capt. James Chiles: Marion county, Capt. John Curd.

While there were almost two hundred enlisted men in the two companies from Boone county, the records now available give only the following names:
Joseph Anthony, John R. Bennett, John N. Belcher, William H.(?) Belcher, Fred Biddle, William (?) Broaddus, G. S. Branham, James W. Brooks, Thomas U. Bryan, Edward Carpenter, Robert Carter, R. H. Coleman, R. S. Coleman, Sanford Connelly, Stephen Davenport, Sidney Farden, Morgan Funk, R. Harrison Gentry, William Gordon. David Grindstaff, Jephthah Haden, Clifton R. Harris, John M. Harris, Harrison Hawkins, Elijah Hawkins, Joseph Hickam, James G. Hopper, John Hopper, Littlebury Hunt, Thomas Jefferson, James Jones, Oliver F. Jones, Alfred Keene, John H. Kirtley, Calvin Little, William Little, Hiram Logan, William Maginess. Jacob C. March, William Martin, Samuel McCallen, Peter Mil-Holland, Joseph Morton, John Neely, Samuel Nelson, Thomas Nichols, William D. Smith, Henry Soflin, John Speake, Charles Stephens, Charles Stephenson, Jabez M. Tipton, Larkin D. Tipton, James Turner, Sam Varvell, Isaac N. Wilcoxen, Samuel Young.

A group of students and former students of the Columbia Female Academy worked long hours in making a silk flag. They took it to the office of the Columbia Patriot where this inscription was carefully printed on it:

FIRST REGIMENT OF MISSOURI VOLUNTEERS

Gird, gird for the conflict,

Our banner wave high!

For our country, we live,

For our country we’ll die!

This flag was presented to Col. Gentry’s widow after the return of the troops from Florida and is now in a glass case at the state museum in Jefferson City.

The regiment was to be mounted and the regulations called for recruits to furnish their own horses. They were to receive $8.00 dollars per month pay, plus an allowance of 40c a day for the use of the horses, all to be paid in coin. Many of the young men of Boone county wanted to go, but they did not have horses, nor the money with which to buy them. They appealed to Col. Gentry, who was in comfortable circumstances, considering the time and place, and he told them to go ahead and buy horses, giving their notes for security and that he would endorse them as additional security. Most of the notes were executed on Oct. 14, 1837, and were made payable on May 14 following which gave only seven months for the regiment to get to Florida, win the war, and get back to Columbia before the notes fell due. Col. Gentry did not realize that he would be dead and buried by that time, and that the notes would be paid by his estate, leaving nothing for his widow and nine children.

Early in the morning of October 15, the regiment was drawn up in front of Gentry’s Tavern, at the northeast corner of Broadway and Ninth street. Miss Lucy Wales, the preceptress of the academy presented the flags to the regiment. Her students were there in full force, attired in red, white and blue dresses. Col. Gentry detailed a young bachelor officer to make the speech of acceptance, but this young man was overcome with stage fright and could say nothing beyond, “Ladies and gentlemen.” The fifes and drums formed up in front, the command “Forward, March” was given and the regiment marched away. At the last moment, little Thomas Benton Gentry, the seven-year-old son of the colonel, climbed up on his daddy’s horse and rode with him to Hinkson creek. There the son told his father goodbye, and never saw him again.

The regiment made good time to St. Louis, taking only five days for the trip. They were stationed at Jefferson Barracks, south of the city, for a few days, while waiting for Senator Benton to come from Washington to address them. After his speech, they boarded steamboats for New Orleans, which they reached in six days, but they found that the city was paralyzed with an epidemic of yellow fever. People were dying faster than they could be buried, and everybody was terrified.
The regiment had to wait a few days for sailing ships. This waiting was apparently hard on the nerves of the men, who just a month before had been following a plow. They left Columbia 600 strong, but numbered 432 at the time they left New Orleans. Some of the boys apparently decided they had better get on back home while the getting was good.

Most of the men sailed for Tampa Bay on November 3, and had an uneventful trip, reaching their destination in five days. The horses were loaded on smaller ships a few days later. The loading was done by boys who had never seen an ocean, and who had no idea of how a small ship can pitch and toss in the waves, and so the horses were simply driven on board, and were not tightly packed or firmly tied. A fearful storm came up on the Gulf of Mexico on the first day out; the rolling of the ships caused frightful injuries to the horses and many were crushed to death. The storm raged so that it took three weeks to make Tampa. By that time, many more of the horses had starved. Out of the 450 horses shipped from New Orleans, only 150 arrived at Tampa in serviceable condition, and so the army authorities ordered the discharge of all men whose horses had died.

These men were paid off at Tampa, and left to get home the best way they could. Instead of paying them the agreed rates in coin, their horse allowance was cut in half, and they were paid in “shinplasters” which were nowhere near their face value. By the time this money was converted into notes on the Bank of Missouri, the men had lost heavily, and arrived home broke and thoroughly disgusted with the treatment they had received at the hands of the regulars.

The remnants of the regiment still under the command of Col. Gentry, was placed in a brigade composed of the First, Fourth and Sixth Infantry of the regular army, with Colonel Zachary Taylor in command over all. Taylor later became president, after the Mexican War. He had very little time or sympathy for the volunteers, he resented their presence, and felt insulted that they had been attached to his command.
The brigade left Tampa on December 2, for the interior. Their total strength was about 1,000, or just the size of one of our battalions during the World War. The volunteers were given the hardest job of all, that of advance guard. Throughout the whole march, they had to keep ahead of and protect the main body, and build roads to permit the passage of the heavy baggage. For over three weeks, they were kept on duty without relief of any sort.

After a march of about 150 miles through the swamps and Everglades, the brigade reached the neighborhood of Lake Okeechobee on Christmas Day of 1837. There they discovered a large body of Seminole Indians who had taken station on a “hammock,” or slight elevation of the lake. An oval-shaped swamp separated them from the brigade, but it was possible to get around this swamp on either side.
Col. Taylor called for a conference of all officers, to decide upon the best plan of attack. Col. Gentry said he favored going around the swamp, which was deep and about three quarters of a mile across. He said that the men were all near exhaustion from their travels through the mud and if they had to contend with the swamp just before the attack, he feared they would be too tired to fight a superior force. This was a wise suggestion, in view of all the facts, but it did not meet with Taylor’s approval, because it had been put forward by an officer of the volunteers. Taylor said, “Colonel Gentry, are you AFRAID to attack their center?” Gentry replied, mad clear through, “No sir. If that is your order, it will be done that way.”

And that was the order and it was done that way, and Gentry died that night, a perfect example of a subordinate sacrificed at the whim of a superior.
(Concluded Tomorrow)

The Volunteers were ordered to lead the way through the swamp, spread out in one thin line, each man about two or three yards from his neighbor. They were followed by the 6th infantry, whose men were marching shoulder to shoulder. After the 6th, came the 4th Infantry, in similar formation. The 1st Infantry, Taylor”s regiment, came last of all. It is not clear as to where Taylor was during the night; he does not say anything about it in his report, and no volunteer saw him until the fight was over that evening.

The volunteers were told to march forward through the swamp and bring on the fight. If they became hard pressed, they were to fall back in rear of the regulars and support them. They went forward at 12:20 p.m., with Col. Gentry out in front of their center. Their total strength was 132. It was hard going; the men were in mud and water up to their waists, and had to hold their guns and powder containers overhead to keep them dry.

When they reached a point about 50 yards from the edge of trees in the hammock, the Indians cut loose with a volley. Gentry was shot in the chest; many volunteers particularly on the left of the line, were also hit. The 6th Infantry, following behind in close formation, had severe losses. Gentry ran over to the left side of his line to encourage the Volunteers. “Come on, boys”, he shouted, “we’re almost there; charge on into the hammock!” Just then, the Indians fired another volley from behind the trees, and shot Gentry through the abdomen. He fell right at the edge of the swamp and the firm ground, and some Indians rushed out to scalp him. A few volunteers hurried forward to protect him, and a brisk fight ensued, during which Harrison, the Colonel’s son, was severely wounded.

The 6th Infantry began firing at this point from behind the Volunteers. This was quite disconcerting to some of the latter, who retired in some confusion. Nothing is harder for green troops than to be fired on by their own supporters, and the few who made for the rear had ample reason. But the great majority of the Volunteers threw themselves face down into the mud, and loaded and fired in that position, while the 6th Infantry worked itself up onto a line with them. There they both stayed for over an hour, unable to advance any further because of the not fire that the Indians poured into them from their hiding places in the moss of the trees.
Finally the 4th and 1st Infantry worked their way around the north side of the swamp, reached the dry ground and began to fire into this right flank of the Indians. Then the Indians retired, taking most of their dead with them and the fight was soon over.

The casualties were severe, a total of 27 killed and 143 wounded in the whole brigade, which had only about 700 men in it that morning. The Volunteers had a 25 per cent loss, being exceeded only by the 6th Infantry, which lost most of its men while they were so closely bunched up. The dead and wounded were carried back across the swamp, and the surgeons did what they could.

Col. Gentry was still alive in spite of two ghastly wounds. The surgeons decided that his abdominal would needed “cleansing” and so they put a silk handkerchief on a ramrod and pushed the whole apparatus through his belly from front to rear. This did not improve his condition to speak of; on the contrary, he began to sink rapidly. He knew that his time was limited, and he felt that Col. Taylor would belittle the actions of the Volunteers in his official report if given half a chance. So Gentry sent for Taylor, and this conversation took place.

Gentry: Colonel Taylor, I am about to die. I depend on you to do my brave men full justice in your official report.
Taylor: Colonel Gentry, you have fought bravely; you and your men have done your duty and more, too! I shall do them full justice, you may be sure.

With giving of this pledge, Col. Gentry had to be content and so he died just before midnight on Christmas Day, 1837. He was buried the following morning with the others who had been killed, and the survivors made their weary way back to Tampa.

When Col. Taylor got around to making out his report of the battle, he consulted with all of his officers of the regulars, but he did not talk to a single officer of the volunteers. In his report, he complimented Col. Gentry by saying “Col. Gentry died a few hours after the battle, much regretted by the army, and will be doubtless by all who knew him, as his state did not contain a braver man or a better citizen”. Then he went on to praise the regulars and criticize the volunteers, stating that the latter had broken and retired clear back to the baggage dump, where they refused to reenter the fight.

The report created a storm of opposition when its contents became known. Senator Benton demanded a congressional investigation; Secretary of War Poinsett hastened to disclaim any intention of slandering the action of the volunteers saying, “the heavy loss they sustained in killed and wounded affords sufficient proof of the firmness with which they advanced upon an enemy under a galling fire.” Even Col. Taylor contradicted himself when he discharged the volunteers from further service in February of 1838. He complimented them in glowing terms for the “prompt, cheerful, soldierly manner they have discharged all of the duties required of them.” He expressed pleasure at having had them under his command, wished them a safe and speedy trip home and happy reunion with their families.

But the volunteers were still mad at the treatment under his hands. When they got back to Missouri in March, they kept talking about their wrongs, and when the general assembly met in November of 1838, one of the first orders of business was a joint committee of both houses, with power to make a full investigation. The committee subpoenaed the survivors of the campaign, interrogated then closely, and found that Taylor had deliberately made a false and slanderous report of the actions of the volunteers. They declared that Taylor was not fit to hold a commission in the army, and requested Governor Boggs to lodge an official complaint with the president.

The legislature then named Gentry county in honor of Col. Gentry. But his widow and nine children were having a hard time. All of his estate had gone to meet the notes given for the purchase of horses. Senator Benton came to their assistance by having his widow made postmistress of Columbia, where she served until 1868 under ten presidents, including Zachary Taylor.

Col. Gentry’s body was brought from Florida to Jefferson Barracks in 1839. His bones were mixed with the bones of three officers of the regular army, and all were buried in the same grave. Although his widow had been promised that a suitable monument would be erected, and the names of all four officers placed thereon, the authorities chiseled on the names only of the three regulars and left Gentry’s name off.
This was not discovered until 1889 by his family, who at once requested the war department to rectify the mistake. This the department refused to do, on the grounds that no funds were available. Finally, they reluctantly permitted Gentry’s family to erect a separate stone at its own expense, but this stone could not be closer than three feet to the one already there. But now a new stone has recently been erected, and at last all four occupants of the grave are properly identified.
WILLIAM R. GENTRY, JR.

Bethel Baptist Church Centennial Celebrated in 1917

2011-12-18T14:35:00.002-06:00

From the 2 July 1917 issue of the Columbia Missourian. Submitted by Mary Helen Catlett Allen. Bethel Baptist Church was the first church and meeting house in what is now Boone County, Missouri. At the time it was begun, in 1817, the land was still in Howard County. The only remnants of the church site today are a few tombstones from the cemetery.

Bethel Baptist Church Centennial

BAPTISTS OF 3 COUNTIES PAY TRIBUTE TO PIONEERS

Notwithstanding a downpour that made the newly worked roads almost impassable, a crowd estimated at 1,500 persons gathered on the old Rollins homestead, sixteen miles west of Columbia yesterday to celebrate the one-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Bethel Baptist Church, the first church established in Boone County. Although practically all the gathering was from Boone, Callaway and Howard counties, in all of which the Baptist churches suspended services for this occasion, persons came from as far away as Marshall in Saline County.

The roads leading to the Rollins homestead were marked by flags and signs. The spot where Bethel Church was founded on June 28, 1817, one hundred years ago last Thursday, was marked by a flag. This flag, floating on the summit of a hill, which is now the center of a cornfield, could be seen from the porch where the Rev. John P. Greene, president of William Jewell College, and Judge John F. Philips of Kansas City, the only man living who attended services in the old Bethel Church, appeared as the leading speakers of the day. The flag also marked the location of the cemetery where many of the pioneers who helped found the first church in Boone County were buried. When the automobiles of E. W. Stephens, who had charge of the celebration, and several other Columbia families on their way to the celebration reached the point on the Rocheport road where it was necessary to turn off into a newly worked dirt road, it was found that a hard rain had made the road very muddy. Notwithstanding the risk of a mishap, four automobiles continued on the journey and reached the scene without further trouble than slipping from one side of the road to the other. Although rain continued to fall at intervals until late in the afternoon, automobiles and buggies continued to arrive until the large space reserved for them was full. It is estimated that 250 automobiles and 100 buggies were on the ground.

Tarpaulins Keep Off the Rain.

Several large tarpaulins had been stretched overhead in front of the house, and the program was not delayed or interrupted by the rains. The celebration was opened with a prayer by the Rev. G. W. Hatcher of Columbia, followed by the reading of scripture by the Rev. B. F. Heaton of Centralia. E. W. Stephens, as head of the celebration, explained the historical setting for the event and recalled historical facts from a book published by himself from information gathered over a period of many years. Mr. Stephens said in part:

“The first settlement in Boone county is said to have been made in this locality in 1812 and 1813 by John and William Berry, William Baxter and Reuben Gentry. In the same neighborhood are said to have lived James Barnes, Robert and Mitchell Payne, John Denham, David McQuitty and Robert Barclay. They were said to have lived here prior to the war.

“James Harris was the first constable for this county and John Copeland drove the first wagon over the Boon’s Lick trail. The first deed recorded in the county was on January 22, 1821, for the transfer of 320 acres of land from Taylor Berry to Jesse Cophe(r). The settlers of Thrall’s Prairie after the war in 1816 were August Thrall, Oliver Parker, Anderson Woods, Dr. J. B. Wilcox, Clayton Herne, Tyre Harris, Sampson and Stephen Wilhite, Henry Lightfoot, James Ketchum, William Boone, William Goslin, John Slack, Wilford Stephens, Jonathan Barton, Robert Barclay, James Cochran, Zadoc and James Hatton and Charles Laughlin.

Bethel Church Used for 40 Years.

“The constituent members of Bethel Church were Anderson Woods, Betsy Woods, David McQuitty, James Harris and John Turner. The church was organized on June 28, 1817, by William Thorp and David McClain. It stood until some time in the fifties, when it disappeared and was succeeded by the Walnut Grove Church. The other members of Bethel Church the first year of its existence, in addition to those already named, were Joshua Barton, Lazarus Wilcox, William Throp (Thorp) and Edward Turner.”

After prayer by the Rev. S. F. Taylor of Columbia, Dr. John P. Greene, president of William Jewell College at Liberty, was introduced as the speaker for the morning. Doctor Greene based his address on the thirty-seventh verse of the fourth chapter of St. John, “And herein is that saying true, One sowth, and another reapeth.” Showing how the descendants of the pioneers of Boone County had prospered by having reaped where their ancestors sowed, Doctor Greene urged the people of today to be benefactors as well as beneficiaries. His speech in part, follows:

Doctor Greene Praises Pioneers.

“We are beneficiaries in two respects: In the material and in the spiritual blessings that we have. We do not know how great our material benefits are. One of the greatest labors man assumed was attacking the wild country and subduing it. Sure, our forefathers did not build us any roads, or great buildings or schools or railroads, but they plowed up these prairies, cut down the great trees and subdued the soil—and they did that in the face of wild beasts and wild men. We have inherited this beautiful country that they opened for us. They made trails where we now have roads, and a good road is a great blessing. But a trail is a great blessing when there is no road.

“But I want to show you what the pioneers did for us spiritually. Some brought their religion with them from the Carolinas and Kentucky. A few preachers came along. The pioneer preachers came along. The pioneer preacher was a man of the people. He had an axe as well as the other pioneers and he had a plow and a rifle also and he knew how to shoot. He was right with the people, and was one of the main factors in the organization of settlements, townships and counties.

“Anderson Woods stands out before us today as a preacher of pioneer days. Judge of the county court, he would have also acted as sheriff, if necessary; plowman, axeman, rifleman, preacher, all in one. He did not preach for money. One thing certain in that day was that he never got any money, but everybody was full of courage and unselfishness, and willing to do his level best for everything.

County is Home of Baptist Education.

“Boone County is the home of Baptist education. Dr. William Jewell was a pioneer here and he advocated the starting of a school several years before they took hold of it. Boone County has done a world for education and you people have a lot to pay to this spot on which you now are. But if they gave $50,000 then, I do not think I am missing it now if I say the Baptists today can give $5,000,000 for education. If we catch the same spirit we ought to see that those who come after us will have something to thank us for.

“I should glory in the Baptists more if they should rise to the situation. I want to have a hand in making good roads for clean politics and in abolishing the saloon. There is nothing to keep a church but religion, and when that is gone it should die. I do not believe in education unless it is in harmony with the spirit of Christ.

“Let us see that in all our schools we have unselfish persons who will teach our children to go out into the world to do something good for the sake of the future. Jesus said “If you give a cup of cold water, you shall in no way lose the least.’ You and I are reaping--shall we sow for fullness of light have turned to death, reminding me of the continents and seas that lie between my being dead and present. Whole generations of people have come upon the stage of action and played their part and passed behind the curtain. I have not visited this neighborhood since 1876 and then only for a day, and I discovered then in passing around that many of the old homesteads that I knew as a boy had crumbled.

Judge Philips’ Parents Here in 1817.

“In 1816 my grandfather, John Copeland, came from Kentucky and pitched his tent one mile south of where I stand. The next spring my father, in company with the ancestors of David Harris, followed in a two-horse wagon with my mother. It was their bridal trip and, just adjoining my grandfather’s farm, they pitched their own tent in the unbroken woods.

“The Baptists outnumbered the Cumberland Presbyterians and Methodists, but they were kind enough to allow other denominations to worship with them. I have in my mind a vivid picture of that old Bethel Church as I saw it 77 years ago. It was built of huge ash logs, and if the hand of man would have left it alone, it would have defied the rages of time. It had one door in front that was strong enough to resist a battering ram. It had two windows, one on each side of the door. The pulpit was constructed after such a fashion that when the preacher entered the door leading to it, it looked like he was afforded shelter from without, and it was a veritable sweatbox within.

Pioneers Used Plenty of Lumber.

“The benches in that old church had timber enough in them to build a two-masted frigate. They built the pews on a rising scale so that the rear seats in the church were at least four feet from the floor and you had to climb like getting into a berth without a stepladder. One of those rear seats was my favorite place because I could see everything and also could slip out the windows without being seen by the old folks on the front benches.

The church was used, after the Baptists had gone to their new church, by the Cumberland Presbyterians until it was finally abandoned. The preacher then was known as Father Barnes. His face was not a thing of beauty, but seemed to be a joy forever to the old people of the congregation. I recollect he wore the conventional high black stock, whether it was winter or summer, over which peaked timidly a piece of limp shirt collar.

“The most notable preacher I ever heard in the Baptist Church was Dr. William Thompson. He was a man of transcendent power, not in polished rhetoric, but he was tremendous in his expounding of the scriptures and was overpowering in his eloquence.

Judge Philips Only Bethel Survivor

“All of these men have one by one gone their way and I am about the only keeper of their early traditions. But such men and women as settled this country and lived in this community do not cease to live when they cease to breathe. Their deeds of valor, their virtues, their fidelity to truth and society put in motion waves of influences that vibrate to the uttermost limits of time and although the rude winds of winter and the storms of summer may knock over their tombstones, and these marks be ground to dust, their spirits live on in the souls of the people Like indestructible material that reproduces itself, such men and women as these bear fruit even from the grave.”

The Rev. G. O. VanNoy, pastor of the Baptist Church at Fayette, was the final speaker of the day. He eulogized the pioneer settlers who, by their untiring and fearless efforts in settling this section of the country, made the present benefits enjoyed by their descendants possible.

The centennial celebration ended with the benediction by the Rev. S. F. Keith of the Walnut Grove Baptist Church.

Andrew McQuitty of Rocheport

2011-04-09T15:21:00.001-05:00

SOLDIER NINE MONTHS CARRIED NO GUN

Andrew McQuitty, 89 Years Old, Served as Confederate.

HE LIVES HERE NOW

Made Trips to St. Louis as Freighter With Ox Wagon.

Among the many experiences crowded into his 89 years of active life, Andrew J. McQuitty, who lives on West Boulevard, says he served nine months in the Confederate army and never shouldered a gun.

In his nine months of service, he laughingly says, he never got in a fight but he developed into a great runner. Mr. McQuitty at one time made trips from Rocheport to St. Louis hauling freight in ox wagons.

In the winter of l846, Mr. McQuitty, then only 21 years old, made two trips to St. Louis from Rocheport,. hauling produce for the Rocheport stores. The trips required twenty-three days each.
Wagon trips were only resorted to when the Missouri River was either blocked with ice or the water too shallow for boats.

The route followed to St. Louis by freighters in those days was pretty much the same as is now known as the St. Charles Road. On these long trips Mr McQuitty never carried a gun. His
weapon for protection, as he says, was good long whip that was a necessity with oxen

In the summers from 1846 to 1850, Mr McQuitty hauled farm products from the farmers north and east of Rocheport. Wagons were scarce and farmers were forced to hire the services
of the professional freighter to haul their tobacco, wheat, pork and lumber to town.

Mr. McQuitty always drove oxen in his freight business because they could endure more in the bad timber roads and then they were much cheaper than horses.

Mr McQuitty enlisted in the Confederate army in 1864. A company was recruited in Boone County to join General Sterling Price at Boonville, when General Price made his raid into Missouri. Four hundred men from the surrounding counties were enlisted under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Eli[j]ah Hodges [or Elijah Hodge? - ed.] who started to join General Price. A large Federal force in the meantime had checked the Confederates and had turned them back.

Then a long run began, says Mr. McQuitty, for Texas with General Price on the West, the Federals behind in hot pursuit and the 400 men under Colonel Hodges a few miles on the east. These 400 men had only a few guns and no ammunition. From the time they left Brunswick until they got into Arkansas they had only one meal a day. Meals were very irregular said Mr .McQuitty. "We took only time to eat when we thought we were safe from the Federals."

One night near the Arkansas line the Federals surprised them, Every man mounted his horse and struck out for himself over the hills to Arkansas. Mr. McQuitty and eight others rode for three days without food or rest. In northwest Arkansas they stopped to "fatten-up." They killed a cow and feasted for a week. They finally joined General Price's army in Texas and surrendered with General Price's army at Shreveport, La. Both Mr McQuitty’s company and regimental commanders live in Boone County. Colonel Elijah Hodges lives in Columbia and Captain John Maxwell east of town.

Mr McQuitty was born in Boone County in 1825. His father came to this county in 1802 from Kentucky.

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2011-04-09T13:25:00.006-05:00

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Enterprise Model 12-1/2 Coffee Mill Added to Easley Store

2011-04-02T07:07:00.009-05:00

Boone County Historical Society collection. Donated by Barbara Esterly. Restored by David Sapp.

The Enterprise Manufacturing Company was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1864 near Independence Hall and quickly grew to a huge operation producing everything from barn-door bolts to seven-foot-high, motorized coffee mills weighing almost 500 pounds. The company was awarded the Centennial Medal in 1876 for their outstanding contributions to the American public.

The rare Model No. 12-1/2 mill from our collection was designed for grinding larger amounts of coffee in stores. It was manufactured between 1886 and 1898, stood 42" high, had 25" diameter wheels and weighed about 140 pounds. All of the main components are of cast iron. Such mills, when they could be afforded, were status symbols in general stores around the nation.

The mill shown here was restored and exhibits most of the decorations used originally. The patriotic theme is obvious with the flag red and flag blue colors dominating coupled with an eagle/flag decal on the main body and the eagle finial on top. Gold paint was used liberally to give a rich impression. Elaborate flower motifs adorned the wheels. Four additional ornate decorations were on the sides of the hopper but have so far not been able to be reproduced due to the rarity of the design.

A History of Home Rule Attempts in Boone County

2011-02-14T13:05:00.002-06:00

On February 11, 2011, Steve Scott delivered the following talk to the Muleskinners, a Democratic political club, at Stephens College’s Stamper Commons. Mr. Scott is an attorney with Scott Law Firm in Columbia and has been intimately involved with this subject for three decades. His remarks provide an excellent history of efforts in Boone county to achieve “Home Rule.”

A History of Home Rule Attempts in Boone County

Introduction

In 2010, some fourteen years after home rule for Boone County was defeated for the second time, the subject of home rule resurfaced in the Presiding Commissioner campaign. Ed Robb, the Republican candidate who narrowly won the election, advocated consideration of home rule as one of his campaign planks. As a long-time supporter of home rule, I was pleased to see someone in the public arena talking about the subject. Politically, though, I found it passing strange that Mr. Robb saw fit to raise the home rule issue -- more on that later.

In any event, I was asked to speak today about home rule as a direct result of the issue being raised by Mr. Robb. And I'm happy to try to shed some light on a subject that has been out of the public eye for so many years.

Historical Background

County government has its roots in feudal England. When William of Normandy conquered England in 1066, he had to set up his government. He chose a system of centralized control from London with local agents throughout the country carrying out his edicts, and, of course, collecting his taxes. For this purpose, William used the geographical divisions the Anglo-Saxons had called "shires." In fact, the modern word "sheriff" derives from the title of a feudal official called the "Shire Rieve," among whose duties was collecting taxes.

Normans used another word for these areas that became the modern word "county," referring to the realm of a count. And the counts administered their areas by holding "County Court." An aside: The older folks here, myself included, may recall that until 1985, our County Commission was called the County Court.

The main point of this history is that the central government held all the power. And that power was administered at the county level by agents of the crown who had little discretion in the performance of their duties.

Skipping forward in time, American settlers brought these ideas about county government with them to this country. And the result was that in Missouri and most other states, for all non-home-rule counties, state government is all-powerful, and its policies are carried out by county officials who have little discretion.

What We Have Now

The two main features of county government addressed by the home rule concept are structure and legislative power. Structure: Without home rule, the structure of county government is dictated by hundreds of pages of confusing and sometimes contradictory statutes. Legislative Power: Without home rule, laws affecting county government cannot be changed except with the agreement on statutory changes by a majority of the Missouri House of Representatives, a majority of the Missouri State Senate and the Governor.

Problems of Current System

The County Commission's legislative authority is very limited. Its main legislative function is adopting an annual budget. It has no authority to legislate in other areas unless that authority has specifically been granted by state. An example where such local legislative power has been granted is planning and zoning.

Administrative problems

County government now, in effect, is controlled by a large group of seventeen individuals: three commissioners, nine elected officials and about five appointed department heads. These officials are not even shaped into a committee. They each have their own statutory mandates. Legally, they are free to ignore each other, to a large extent, in carrying out their prescribed duties.

This results in a fragmented government where little internal accountability exists, except through voluntary cooperation among the officials. The extent to which Boone County government functions well is a testament to the general commitment of elected officials to cooperate with each other. But there is no guarantee that such cooperation will always be forthcoming. Nor is there any guarantee that the voters will always elect such good, cooperative office-holders.

What Home Rule Brings to the Table

As implied by what I've already said, home rule would allow the county to determine its own governmental structure and enable the county to adopt local legislation to meet its needs. Of these two issues, structure and legislative power, I believe the second is more important.

Home rule allows local people to make local decisions rather than having decisions made at the state level. In any event, it is often difficult to obtain legislative changes from the General Assembly because a change that Boone County might want could be opposed by other counties.

The current rule is that the county can only do those things specifically authorized by statute, and the statutes are strictly construed. In contrast, under home rule, the county could exercise all legislative powers that are not specifically prohibited by the state Constitution and statutes.

So How Can a County Get Home Rule?

The Missouri Constitution provides two different processes to achieve county home rule. The older method is a petition process leading to appointment of a County Charter Commission. This requires gathering petition signatures from voters asking for appointment of a charter-drafting commission. The petition signature requirement is 10% of the number of voters who voted in the most recent gubernatorial election in the county. If sufficient petition signatures are gathered and certified, the Circuit Court appoints a charter-writing commission. The charter drafted by the commission is then submitted to the voters and can be approved by a majority vote.

The second, newer method is the county constitution process. In 1994 the Missouri Constitution was amended to provide for an alternative method for first-class counties such as Boone to achieve home rule -- this is the County Constitution process, which is simply home rule under a slightly different name. This process is easier because it does not require a petition drive -- rather, it starts with the County Commission placing a proposal on the ballot to establish a commission to draft a county constitution. If a majority of the voters approve the proposal, the drafting commission is then appointed by the Circuit Court. And later the county constitution drafted by the commission is submitted to the voters and can be approved by a majority vote. Both of these procedures have been attempted in Boone County, and in each case, the voters rejected home rule.

Boone County's First Home Rule Attempt

In the late 1970s, there were a couple of scandals in county government. County Court Judge Clarence Drew from Centralia had used county workers and materials to grade his personal driveway. County Clerk Murray Glascock was charged and convicted of embezzlement. Presaging Rahm Emanuel's maxim never to let a good crisis go to waste, a Boone County Home Rule Petition Committee was formed.

Credit must be given to the League of Women Voters for being instrumental in this effort and providing the bulk of the petition carriers who gathered signatures.

I served as legal counsel and publicity chair for the committee. After more than a year of effort, sufficient signatures were gathered and a charter commission was appointed by the Circuit Court.
The charter commission proposed a charter that bore many similarities to the Columbia City Charter, which is unsurprising given that the commission's chair was Rhonda Thomas, who had been the Columbia City Counselor and was an MU Law School professor when she served on the commission.

When the charter was submitted to Boone County voters in March 1982, it was defeated by a vote of 11,428 to 4,614, or 71% against the charter. Voters outside the City of Columbia were overwhelmingly opposed to the charter. And it wasn't all that popular within the city, either: It was defeated in Wards 1, 2 and 3. And it won only small majorities in Wards 4, 5 and 6. I ended up feeling that much of the opposition to the charter came from existing county officeholders who would have been displaced under the charter.

Boone County's Second Home Rule Attempt

In 1991, I was asked by the Boone County Commission to chair the Boone County Government Review Team. The team's assignment was to study county government and recommend improvements.

The committee's labors began in April 1991. Gestation began with numerous meetings with county officeholders and others, followed by public hearings around the county, ultimately resulting in the birth in January 1992 of a lengthy report consisting of a main body of 86 pages, plus about 300 pages of appendices (which were mostly verbatim transcripts of the team's meetings and hearings).

One of the report's recommendations was that the County Commission consider initiating a county constitution process, a recommendation the commission later followed. After the voters narrowly approved appointment of a County Constitution Commission, I found that my work in chairing the Government Review Team and writing its report was not done -- I was retained as legal counsel to the constitution commission.

As I said before, I think the legislative power issue is the more important aspect of home rule, so I privately urged the constitution commission's members to leave the county government structure untouched -- that is, retain the current statutory structure -- and draft a minimal constitution that focused mainly on giving the county local legislative power. To a certain extent, the commission followed that urging, but it couldn't resist some structural tinkering as well, with the result that it proposed appointment by the county commission of several currently elective officeholders. The other major proposal, similar to the previous charter, was to increase the size of the County Commission to give more representation to areas outside the City of Columbia.

Opposition to the county constitution was fierce, and a fair amount of that opposition came from then-sitting Boone County officeholders, including some whose positions would become appointive under the constitution. On election day, March 5, 1996, once again Boone County voters rejected home rule, this time by 72%. The vote total was 13,078 to 5,033.

Again, out-county voters were overwhelmingly opposed. The constitution was defeated in every single precinct outside the City of Columbia. The no vote exceeded 70% in 30 of 31 out-county precincts. And once again the City of Columbia was not supportive of home rule -- a majority voted in favor of the constitution in only 8 of 39 precincts, and the anti-constitution vote exceeded 70% in 13 of those precincts.

So Where Are We Now?

Now we come back to Ed Robb's advocacy of home rule in his campaign for Presiding Commissioner last Fall. As I said at the outset, I found it passing strange that he would broach the issue. The reason is that the two previous home rule attempts were hugely unpopular outside of the City of Columbia. And yet it was in those out-county areas that Mr. Robb had more of his support, which enabled him to gain a narrow victory over Scott Christianson. One might even speculate that his margin of victory in the out-county areas could have been even larger had he not made home rule an issue.

For my part, I was weary to the bone of pursuing home rule after the two previous attempts. After a while you realize that pounding your head against a brick wall hurts, and you stop doing it. My opinion is that Boone County voters are unlikely to approve home rule until one of two things occurs:

There is a huge scandal in county government that can be directly traced to the existing form of government; or

The county gets a lot larger. Historically in Missouri, no county of less than 300,000 population has approved home rule. At that point, the problems of urbanization become so pressing that opposition to home rule becomes muted.

© 2011 by Steve Scott

Taverns and Stage Lines in Columbia's Early Days

2011-02-03T20:33:00.002-06:00

From the Columbia Missourian newspaper of September 7, 1917, p. 10:

TAVERNS AND STAGE LINES HERE IN THE EARLY DAYS

In the memories of two of Columbia's oldest citizens there still burn brightly recollections of the times when all the hotels of the city and of the county were taverns, not only in name but in actuality. William Mattocks, 83 years old, who lives at1607 East Broadway on what is called Gordon or Fyfer Hill, and James C. Gillespie of 15 North Eighth street, were residents of the city when there was no railroad nearer than Jefferson City and when the Wabash only came as near as Mexico.

There was very little in the Columbia of the days of '57 to remind Mr. Mattocks of the prosperous city of today. Columbia at that date claimed a scant 3,000 population and was a city of the most rural type. Everyone in the town knew of the latest arrivals by stage coach and every death and fire was heralded by a ringing of the bell on the court house. Stories of the grandfathers of the best citizens of the city came fluently from the tongues of the two men as they told of the hotels of youthful Columbia and reminisced of the times that are past.

Hotels In The Early Days.

The history of the hotels of Columbia that the two men gave between them goes back only as far as 1857, the year that Mr. Mattocks came to Columbia with his father from Virginia. The history that came after1863 was supplemented by Mr. Gillespie. Mr. Gillespie says, and probably rightly, that there is no man in the county that knows more of the history of Columbia or of Boone County, since that time than he.

According to Mr. Mattocks, there were three small hotels when he came here a young man. There were at that time and there have been since many boarding houses and near-hotels of which he makes no mention in his account.

The City Hotel, kept by Tom Selbie [Tom Selby], was perhaps the most famous of the time. It stood where the Guitar Building stands today. On the site of the new bank building was another tavern owned by John David VanHorn, the father of the David VanHorn, who owns the grocery store at the corner of Seventh street and Broadway. This hostelry soon went out of business. The other was just a few doors west, called the "Brick Hotel" kept by James Richardson, commonly known as "Jimmie" Richardson.

City Hotel a Large Place.

In the memory of Judge Gillespie, the “Brick Hotel[“] was managed by "Dick" Leonard, Lishlighter and Bennett, and was then purchased from Richardson by William B. Quisenberry. The City Hotel as described by Mr. Gillespie, was a large frame building—the largest tavern in Missouri at that time outside of St. Louis—sitting in the middle of a lot a block deep extending back to Ninth street [from Eighth Street]. After the death of Mr. Selbie, which occurred a short time after Mr. Mattocks came here, his widow took charge of the tavern and ran it for quite a number of years with the aid of a large number of slaves. In nearly all the taverns at that time, according to Judge Gillespie, the work was done by slaves or by negroes that had been recently freed.

Incident of a Negro Festival.

In a slight deviation from the history of hotels, Judge Gillespie told of an incident at a negro festival held on Guitar street early in 1864. Lewis Selbie [Lewis Selby] was one of the waiters in the City Hotel, sharing the waiting work with another negro, named Abe. Lewis Gordon was a powerful black man of a very responsible nature and had been appointed marshal for the festival. Lewis Selbie, said Mr.Gillespie[,] got drunk. Gordon, in his official capacity, remonstrated with him and was hit on the head with a brickbat that Selbie pulled from his pocket. Gordon nearly lost his life and the rest of his life he had a large dent in the top of his head to remember the occasion. Selbie left town hastily that night and was never seen here again. Several years later, said Judge Gillespie, he saw Lewis in the role of a porter on the Great Northern Railway.

Returning to the Columbia's hotel history, the judge described the location of the City Hotel more exactly. The hotel building was on the south side of the lot with a large flower garden on the south, while back, where the W. B. Nowell Grocery now stands, was a small barn belonging to the property where the travelers' horses were stabled and attended by the hostler who invariably was to be found in the tavern of that day.

Other Columbia Hotels.

What was known as the "Brick Hotel" passed from the hands of Quisenberry to a man by the name of Hume and then to a Mr. Bush, from whom H. C. Schwabe, father of John, Jim and Henry Schwabe, purchased it. The Gentry Hotel, built by Colonel Richard Gentry, grandfather of North Todd Gentry, was erected some time in the 60's, and was a typical hotel of the time. It was a brick structure with the usual small window panes. This hotel stood where the Hayden Building now is. The name of Powers was one that was famous in the old days as being connected with taverns. Just west of where the Post Office now stands, Tom Powers owned a cabinet shop. He reared a boy named John Baker as his son and Baker and the neighbor boys, said Judge Gillespie, used to crawl into the coffins that Mr. Powers had completed and go to sleep. Mr. Powers died in the 70's and his widow and Miss Lizzie Powers kept a boarding house that became very popular and which became known as the Powers House. The name once established in connection with the tavern was such a valuable asset that it was never changed with the change of owners and even when it was moved to the corner of Tenth and Walnut streets by the last owner, F. W. Poor, it was still known as the Powers House. This hotel burned in 1912. Later came the Gordon Hotel, at present used by the University for the domestic science department and the present Athens hotel. The present Central Hotel was one time the residence of William Jewell.

Van Horn Tavern Popular.

A tavern just outside of Columbia that attained a great reputation with travelers was the old Van Horn Tavern, five miles west of Columbia on the Rocheport road. It occupied theplace which is now the property of Dr. Lloyd Simpson. The old tavern is still there, north of the Simpson home and is used as a barn. All the taverns of the day were similar in appearance: a large hallway generally opened into a reception room with a big, old-fashioned fireplace furnishing the chief attraction. Here the bottle was set out. On first arriving at the hostelry, the visitor's horse would be taken by the hostler and attended as carefully in the stable as the traveler's needs were attended within the tavern. After the traveler had been warmed, both externally and internally at the fireplace, the call for supper was given and the guests would pass into the large dining room to get a good meal cooked in the southern style. The cook and waiters were slaves.

Columbia Business District of 1850 Described

2011-01-12T15:10:00.005-06:00

From the Columbia Evening Missourian, August 09, 1921, p. 4:

One Building In Business Section Has Stood For Years

     Only one building in the business section of Columbia today was standing seventy-one years ago [about 1850], according to the talk made by B.F. Venable at the dinner held at the Daniel Boone Tavern last Saturday evening in commemoration of the centennial of the city of Columbia. In his talk, Mr. Venable gave an interesting description of the business section of the city as it looked seventy-one years ago when he came to Columbia.
     Beginning at the present location of the plant of the Hetzler Packing Co. west of the Katy Station, Mr. Venable described Broadway building by building as it was when he came to Columbia. His description in full was as follows:
     “The first house on the other side of Flat Branch was owned by Colonel F.T. Russell. On the east side of the tan yard, where the Katy station and Boone County Lumber Co. are, was a brick house built by John Rocheford, a man who worked at the University. That was the only house until you came to the corner of Fifth and Broadway. There was a big frame house owned by Doctor Provines. Across the street east was Doctor Hall, next came Turner Daniels, a cabinet maker. From his house to the corner of Sixth was all vacant. Coming east across the street was Tom Powers. He had a turning shop. He turned wood work for tables and bedsteads. His lathe was run by a horse named “Jack.” The ground was all vacant from there until you came to the present postoffice. There Mr. Powers had a cabinet shop, and he manufactured all kinds of furniture. He also made pianos, not a great many, but a few.

OLD TAVERN STOOD WHERE ESTES’ STORE IS
     “Across the street, where Van Horn and Laughlin now are, was a vacant lot, and where Hetzler’s Market is, Colonel F.T. Russell had his office. He was a lawyer. Then came James Richardson’s Tavern; that was where Estes’ store now stands. Where Fredendall is, Doctor Spottswood had a drug store; where the Boone County National Bank now stands was Tom Selby’s Tavern. Across the street east was J.L. Stevenson’s dry goods and general store. Next to that, where Higbee and Hockaday are now, was a little brick building with offices attached. One was that of Judge James Gordon. He was a lawyer, and next to him was Arch Turner. In place of the Peck Drug Co., there was brick house where a shoe maker lived upstairs and worked downstairs. Where Levy’s store, Hays Hardware store and Sapp Brothers are now located, there was a frame building. It ran the whole length of these buildings. It was below the street and at that time it was A.G. Newman’s residence. From the street you could see across the roof of this building. The ground from here up to Strawn-Neate was vacant.
     “Where Wolff-Berger and the Liberty confectionery store now stand was a brick house belong to Samuel Ashlock. On the west part was the residence and on the corner he had a hat store where he manufactured all kinds of hats. Across the street, where Sykes and Broadhead are, Lawrence Matthews had a carriage shop, and where Newman Hardware store is, Mrs. Neff and Mrs. Woodward had a millinery store. It was the only millinery store in Columbia at that time. Next to that, running east, where the Dorsey Buildings are, there was a little frame residence set below the street, belonging to Mr. Smith. He was an artist and had his studio over Stephenson’s store when it was blown up. From there to the corner of Tenth, the ground was vacant. All the ground was below the level of the street.
     “On the next corner was the Presbyterian Church. Next door to the Odeon there was a wagon shop, which was run by a man named Hackman, and on the corner where the Thilo Building now stands there was a residence occupied and owned by James Wood. On the opposite corner where the Thilo Building is, there was a building occupied by Milton Matthews. There was no other building in that block until you came to Mrs. McAfee’s house, which was a frame building occupied by Dr. Arch Young. All the other property on east was vacant until you came to the Stephens College property which was then Oliver Parker’s residence. He was the father of James and Moss Parker. Mrs. Willis’ house was the next one. It was built by John Field, but after Mrs. Willis came, it was greatly improved. The land from there to the hospital was vacant and in those days was called the old fair grounds. From that point to Hinkson Creek, the land was used for farming.

GORDON RESIDENCE AMONG FIRST
     “When one crossed Broadway at Hinkson Creek, on the north side, there was judge David Gordon’s residence, now owned and occupied by N.D. Evans. The land was vacant west of this place until you came to James L. Stephens’ place. Mr. Stephens owned all the property from the Gordon place west to Price Avenue and north to Paris road; then the property on Paris road going west was a pasture owned by David Hickman and where Alex Bradford and Mr. Goldsberry live David Hickman’s residence was located. The next residence was owned by J.W. Stone’s father, the second by William Duncan and the third by Colonel William Switzler. On Tenth and Broadway, running east, was Mrs. Switzler’s garden.
     “On the corner where the O’Rear Building is now, was George Gordon’s blacksmith shop. He worked four or five hands and they were all negroes who belonged to him. That was a frame building. Next to that on the west was a little frame building occupied by W.T. Anderson’s father. From there west, the land was vacant until you came to Ninth street, which was the Jeffrey place, where the postoffice was when I came here. Across the street west, next to Barth’s clothing store, there were three brick business houses. The house on the corner belonged to Tommie and Jimmie Johnson. They made harness and saddles. The next house belonged to the Reverend Mr. Jones. He lived where the New York store is now. The next business house was that of George Schoolfield, who had a silversmith shop and jewelry store. Next came Dr. S.B. Victor, the place now occupied by the Drug Shop.
      “Where Henninger’s jewelry store is, there was a little frame building, one room of which was occupied by Alex McMillan, who had a saddle shop here. Next to him was Henry Crumbaugh. The next building was a frame building occupied by Major Reddy. It was a tailor shop. Then came Nutton Austin’s tailor shop. Next to him was Richard Branham’s dry goods store. At Eighth and Broadway was the Howard and Kirkendull [Kirkendall] dry goods store. Next to them was Alex Douglas’ dry goods store and then came Stone Brothers building. They were all brick buildings. Wilson and Field, dry goods, came next, and then Jonathan Kirkbride, who kept a general store.
     “Across the street was a vacant lot with posts for hitching horses and stile blocks for the ladies to mount from. Beyond this east was a frame building where A.G. Newman had his tin shop. Next to this, there was a little brick building occupied by William LeNoir, and adjoining this was a vacant brick building. On Seventh and Broadway was Trumpler’s bakery. Next came a vacant lot, then Mrs. Royal’s residence. It took up most of one block because she had a flower garden on the west.
     “On the corner of Sixth and Broadway was William LeNoir’s residence. On the northwest corner was Doctor Jewell’s residence. It is the only building standing today that was here seventy years ago. The property from there to Fifth street was vacant. Where Clinkscales Garage is now, there was a frame residence occupied by Cliff Hensley. There were not more houses until one came to a little house occupied by William Cato, a blacksmith. From there on west to the branch going north to Walter [Water] Street, the land was owned and occupied by Gilbert Akers, a free negro. His house stood in the center of the lot and he farmed the rest of the land. Across the branch was the public school. It was a little one-story brick building about 20 by 30 feet. W.J. Hetzler’s residence was the next house. It was then owned by Bob Nevins. The next property was Jeff Garth’s farm.
     “No girls attended the school but they had a female academy where the Gordon Hotel now stands. On one occasion, Hall Litch, who was a painter, passed by the academy and saw that it was on fire. He hurried down town, and meeting several people said to them, ‘I am authorized to say to you that the female academy is now on fire, and if it is not speedy put out it will surely burn down.’”

Homes of the Wealthy in 1895

2010-09-07T10:21:00.018-05:00

From the Boone County Historical Society collection. Photographs excerpted from the Columbia Missouri Herald, Historical Edition, E.W. Stephens, Proprietor. Walter Williams, Editor. Columbia, Mo. 1895. Donated by Warren Dalton.

An earlier post on the Online Archives included biographical sketches of many prominent Boone Countians. Click here to go to the earlier post. The current post is from the same publication and includes the many photographs of residences of these prominent men as of the publication date of 1895. It is fascinating to see these wonderful homes, mostly Victorian in style, and a little unnerving to realize that of all of them only one remains today. The one remaining house --Maplewood, the home of Slater Ensor and Margaret Bradford Lenoir -- was preserved by the foresight and hard work of the Christian Benevolent Association, the City of Columbia and the Boone County Historical Society. Click here to go to our main web site for a history of Maplewood.

Residence of J.N. Belcher

Residence of W.A. Bright.

Residence of G.C. Broadhead

Residence of J.R. Campbell.

Residence of J. Th. Fyfer.

Residence of Scott D. Gordon.

View on Farm of Scott D. Gordon.

Residence of W.W. Henderson

Residence of S.E. Lenoir.
This house, called Maplewood, has been preserved and is located in Nifong Park, Columbia.
Click here to go to our main web site for a history of this beautiful, historic house.

Residence of Judge Alexander Martin.

Residence of Dr. A.W. McAlester.

Residence of Col. E.C. More.

Lake and Residence of Col. E.C. More.
Looking northeast from the approximate
location of the current Columbia Power Plant.
More's Lake was located approximately where the
power plant is located today.

Residence of Dr. O. Paquin.

Residence of W.L. Parker.

Residence of R.B. Price.

Residence of Capt. James M. Rollins.

Residence of W.M. Scott.

Residence of C.B. Sebastian.

Residence of A.H. Shepherd.

Eagle Park Dairy Barn of A.H. Shepherd.

Residence of J.L. Stephens, Sr.


Residence of W.H. Truitt, Jr.

Residence of Mrs. William M. Willis.

An Excerpt from Reckless: The Life and Death of Richard Gentry

2010-08-16T19:54:00.002-05:00

From the collection of the Boone County Historical Society. The complete 89-page book by Douglas Hunt is available from Amazon.com.

Born in 1788, Richard Gentry has as good a claim as anyone to being the founder of Columbia, Missouri. He was part of the syndicate that bought the land on which the city was built, and he served as its first mayor. His adventurous and sometimes violent life ended on Christmas day in 1837, while he was leading an infantry charge against a band of Seminole warriors. The excerpt below, however, deals with one of the quieter battles in his life.

An Excerpt from Reckless: The Life and Death of Richard Gentry
copyright 2010 by Douglas Hunt

5 - A Saved Man

THE TWO great nemeses of Richard Gentry's life, General James Winchester and Henry Carroll, had come from the East. In 1827 a third arrived, a Harvard-educated Presbyterian missionary named William Cochran. After a hard ride from St. Louis, sometimes into the teeth of a driving snow, sometimes through drifts that covered the trail, Cochran reached Columbia about sunset on December 3. He found shelter for himself and his horse in a tavern at the edge of town.
     A century later North Todd Gentry would say that Rev. Cochran's stop was at Gentry's Tavern, where the Colonel offered him free lodging with a strict condition attached. "Parson, this is to be your room as long as you are in Columbia, and you can do all the praying in this room that you want to, but we don't do any praying in the rest of this house." The story isn't accurate, however. By Cochran's own account, Richard Gentry had such a "peculiar hatred" of Presbyterianism that he avoided talking to the minister for three years.
For the first year, Cochran lived in Franklin, his assigned post, traveling to Columbia frequently to preach and proselytize. During these years, however, Franklin was being gradually swallowed by the changing current of the Missouri River. Late in 1828, Cochran moved to Columbia permanently, preaching two Sundays each month to country congregations and two Sundays in town. The results were disheartening. Presbyterians trickled into the Columbia meeting from time to time. A few became members on paper before they trickled out again.
     North of Columbia, on the bank of Bear Creek, another church was much more successful. It had nearly 200 members, three ministers, and a building of its own. This was the home of the New Lights, Cochran's antagonists. Historically, the New Lights were Presbyterians who had thrown off the restraints of church doctrine and discipline in favor of born-again enthusiasm. They ridiculed Cochran as a "larnt" and "hired" clergyman, manifestly insincere. Hostile to the idea of predestination, they accused all Old School Presbyterians of consigning infants "not a span long" to the flames of hell.
     In his uneven competition with the New Lights, Rev. Cochran held one advantage. His wife Eliza was a friend of Ann Hawkins Gentry, who sometimes attended services, not with her husband, but with her sister Sophia Hawkins Gordon. Cochran's sermons began to draw other women. Or perhaps women began to draw other women. "At length," Rev. Cochran wrote in his memoir, "there were five ladies added at the communion, the wives of five of the most prominent men of the place."
     Ann Hawkins Gentry especially interested Cochran. She had been raised Presbyterian. She knew the Shorter Catechism by heart and was committed to its teachings. Everyone in town was impressed by her. Her home, though a tavern, was a model of efficient housekeeping. Her husband, Colonel Gentry, was a force to be reckoned with. "A popular man and state senator …a man of more than ordinary talents, a good talker, and an effective stump speaker," Cochran wrote in his memoirs. In January of 1830, Senator Benton had arranged for Gentry to be appointed Columbia's postmaster, which made his tavern and home one of the hubs of the town's civic life.
     Unhappily, the Colonel was "loud in his denunciations of the church and its doctrines and practices." And in Columbia, what Richard Gentry said mattered. If his opposition could be blunted, the church would gain some breathing space. If he could be won over, then the battle might begin to turn.

IN THE late spring of 1830, Colonel Gentry left Columbia to join a caravan traveling to Santa Fe. His absence freed Ann to attend services regularly. Rev. Cochran foresaw great things. "The Holy Spirit awakened in her, and was gently drawing her to Christ." He understood that she and her sister Sophia met often in their houses "and talked of the life Jesus gives and the way to obtain it."
     "The life Jesus gives" is a phrase worth considering from Ann's perspective. It was not the life her husband was living. He had killed a man. He had squandered his patrimony in speculation. He enjoyed the company of gamblers. Hard drinking with other men was a mainstay of his social life. Once, while riding a borrowed horse to St. Louis, he had overreached in passing a whiskey bottle and tumbled to the ground, losing the horse, saddle and all. Certainly it is possible for a wife to continue to love a man after she discovers his faults, but at 38 Ann Gentry was no longer an impressionable girl. She had seven children to raise and an eighth on the way. Given Richard's frequent absences from home, she must also have been the principal proprietor of the tavern and administrator of the post office.
     She listened closely to Rev. Cochran's sermons. She heard him stress the church's interest in promoting responsible behavior, "the walk and conversation," as he put it, befitting Christian men and women. She knew that the elders of a Presbyterian congregation watched over unsteady members and reproved them for drinking, gambling, or fighting. When she talked with her sister Sophia about the life Jesus gives, she was considering eternal matters, surely; but she must also have been considering how life in her family would improve if Rev. Cochran could help her slip God's bit between her husband's teeth.

RICHARD GENTRY returned from Santa Fe triumphant early in the fall. He had made good money on the goods he carried west, and invested the profit immediately in forty Mexican mules. Eager to reach home in time to witness the birth of his next child, he didn't wait for the caravan to return to Missouri. Instead, he bought a bay mare and corralled her with the mules for a few days, then saddled her, opened the gate, and rode away. It was a solo journey that would have impressed Daniel Boone himself. Men traveling the Trail, even in sizable caravans, risked death by snakebite, dehydration, or starvation. Four had been killed in Indian attacks during the previous two years.

     To Gentry's relief, the mules had followed the mare. "At night," he wrote in a letter to his father, "I picketed the mare so she could graze, and the mules stayed close by."

I wrapped up in my blanket and slept on the ground, with my faithful dog on guard; of course I kept my gun, pistols and knife handy. I killed deer, buffalo and wild turkeys on the way, which I ate with a relish, as I carried a sack of meal and a sack of salt. I had no trouble striking fire with my flint, and I found fresh water most all the way along the trail, got thirsty only twice.

He arrived before his son was born. Ann wanted to name the boy Nicholas Hawkins Gentry, after her father, who had died during the horrible year at Smithton. Richard insisted on Thomas Benton Gentry. "A fine name for a fine boy," he said. "With such a name, he may be president some day."
     After he reached Columbia the exhilaration of life on the trail evaporated. In his absence, the voters had turned him out of his senate seat, replacing him with a physician, Dr. William Jewell. Nathaniel Patten, the Yankee editor who had labeled the shooting of Henry Carroll a "dastardly murder," had moved to Columbia, bringing the Intelligencer with him. These men and others like them, soft-handed professionals with shelves full of books, were steadily gaining influence. To be born in a canebrake and rocked in a sugar trough for a cradle no longer meant what it once did.
     In his own home, Old School Presbyterianism had become precious to Ann and Analyza, a treasure they could share with each other, but not with him. The younger girls, too, were being drawn that way. He would not or could not forbid his wife and daughters to attend services, but he did what he could to prevent them from meeting with William or Eliza Cochran socially. As for himself, he stiffened his refusal to be introduced to the missionary. If Cochran entered a room, Gentry stood up immediately and left it.
     How Ann and Analyza wore Richard down we don't know. He could be a stubborn man, but these were formidable women, firmly allied. He can't have relished the prospect of becoming a marginal figure in his own household. Eventually, he offered a compromise. Yes, he agreed, all the family would begin to attend church together on Sundays-as visitors. He would even go with them to Cochran's preaching twice a month, provided that they would agree to come with him to the New Light preaching on the alternate Sundays.
This compromise lasted only a few weeks before a New Light preacher approached the Colonel and urged him to abandon it. He should commit himself fully to the New Light church. If he would, the New Lights would happily make him a minister, a role in which they were sure he would be a great success, both because of his stature in the town and his ability as a speaker. Gentry was nonplussed. "Good God!" he replied. "I am not fit to join any church, let alone to become a preacher." The preacher assured him that he needed no special qualifications or training. "All you have to do is believe that Jesus is the Son of God, be immersed, and reform your grosser vices." He left the Colonel thinking.
     The following Sunday, Gentry was up and dressed early, pacing the rooms of the Gentry Tavern. From time to time, he called for Ann and the girls to stop their primping. When they appeared he asked them, "What church shall we go to today?" They were too surprised to answer: this was, by agreement, a New Light Sunday. But the Colonel had a suggestion: "Suppose we go to Cochran's preaching." And so they did. That morning Gentry not only acknowledged Cochran's presence, but shook his hand and talked with him civilly.

THREE YEARS passed. Columbia merchants made fortunes in the Santa Fe trade. Brick and clapboard buildings began to appear among the log cabins. With Franklin at last completely underwater, Columbia had become a magnet for those who wanted the advantages of life in a busy town. Judge David Todd, brother of North Todd, moved his large family into an enormous house with a ballroom. In holiday seasons fashionable Columbians danced minuets there, or Virginia reels, while Todd's slaves fiddled. The Todd daughters gathered friends from the neighborhood and performed amateur theatricals.
     Adults, too, caught the enthusiasm for drama. The courthouse was still an unadorned brick barn, but inside it a thespian society produced comedies that had been popular a half-century earlier in London, "admission fifty cents, children and servants half price." There were band concerts in town and singing societies. There was a literary society and a reading room "furnished with the most approved periodicals and authors upon the Arts, Sciences, and General Literature." George Caleb Bingham opened a portrait studio, and Kentworthy the Ventriloquist threw his voice around McClelland's tavern.

     IN JANUARY, 1832, Richard Gentry had been promoted to Major General in the Missouri militia, and the following summer the Governor had ordered him to lead a thousand men into northern Missouri to fend off possible attacks by followers of the Sauk war chief Black Hawk. As it turned out, Black Hawk never entered the state, and the principal hostilities Gentry witnessed during a three-week campaign were payment disputes between the quartermasters and the merchants who supplied them. Nonetheless, being referred to as "General Gentry" added sheen to his reputation.
     His financial affairs had improved enough for him to move his tavern into a new brick building at the corner of Ninth and Broadway. Half a mile south of the new tavern he and some partners built a first-rate circular racetrack. The track became an annual stop on a racing circuit that attracted horse traders and gamblers from hundreds of miles away. The gamblers wore high black boots and silk shirts with jeweled pins and heavy cufflinks. Their fingers were thick with gold rings. General Gentry enjoyed their company.
     In October, 1833, four days of racing were planned, but the Presbyterians had scheduled their Synod meetings to coincide with the races. This put Gentry in an awkward position. Ann and Analyza would want him at the services; his partners and friends would expect him at the track.
     On Thursday the 17th, the first day of both meetings, a wet snow fell on Presbyterians and gamblers alike. Ann and Analyza went to church in the morning. Gentry went to the race and found a boisterous crowd despite a sloppy track. In the evening, the Presbyterians moved to a campground north of town, where Ann and Analyza heard a passionate sermon and answered the call to move up to the "inquirer's bench" to receive special prayers and instructions. They were seriously considering committing their lives to Christ. Elsewhere, perhaps in the tavern, Gentry and his friends played cards.
     Friday morning, again, the family went their separate ways. After the sermon another of the Gentry girls joined Ann and Analyza on the inquirer's bench. When Gentry reached home that afternoon, the women assailed him in earnest and extracted a promise that he would give up his evening card game and attend the service instead. That evening, while the preacher warned that "the wages of sin is death," the General lolled on the bench, displaying his indifference. After the sermon, Ann went to the inquirer's bench with three daughters and two sons. The General sat alone. When they returned to the tavern, the family pressed him hard for a promise to attend the next morning's service, which he gave reluctantly.
     By Saturday morning the rains had ended. A great stakes race was scheduled, and friends came to the tavern early to collect the General and accompany him to the track. If he had put on his hat and overcoat and joined them, Ann or Analyza might have intervened to remind him of his promise, so Gentry sent his friends away. Then he took his hat and overcoat upstairs and, making sure that he wasn't observed, dropped them out a window into the back alley. When he believed the vigilance of the women had relaxed, he slipped out, retrieved the hat and coat, and returned to the track.
     At the race he cheered and tried to enter into the spirit of the occasion, but at odd moments, his friends would find him frowning: "General, what is the matter with you? You do not seem to enjoy the sport." The crowds were unexpectedly thin for the big day, the betting light. The out-of-town gamblers blamed the Presbyterian fanatics, who had gone so far as to schedule a Temperance Society meeting for eleven o'clock. Despite the sunny skies, the day became so dull that racing was suspended at noon. The gamblers packed up and moved on, and Gentry had to decide what to do with himself.

THE REST of the story is best told by Rev. Cochran:
"The General was a miserable man; he felt mean; he had violated his promise to his wife and children. The declaration of God continued coursing through every avenue of his soul: 'the wages of sin is death.' He felt like a truant boy and acted like one: he loitered around, wanting to go home and yet ashamed to meet the loved ones he had deceived. He stood on the corner and there resolved to go home, make confession of his wrong and promise to go with them to the meeting.
     "He went home, all was serious and solemn; he hurried out his confession and promise; everyone received him pleasantly; not a word of reproach was uttered by any of them, nor any allusion to what he had done and where he had been. His oldest daughter arose and went to him, as he stood in the door and without saying a word put her arms around his neck and kissed him. This melted him to tears; he wept both for sorrow and joy. O what a power there is in kindness.
     "That evening amidst the crowd that filled the house were the General, wife, three daughters and two sons. The audience was as still as the grave and as calm as death: everyone seemed interested; all the services were of this character; every word that fell from the lips of the preacher was eagerly received and was a two-edged sword; it discovered the thoughts and intents of their hearts. Some forty or fifty occupied the seats of the inquirers. The General's wife, daughters and sons were among the inquirers; he sat in the corner to the right of the pulpit greatly agitated and yet endeavoring to conceal his feelings; he did not go to the inquirer's seat.
     "After the benediction was pronounced (which was at 9 o'clock, the hour we generally closed the meetings) as the congregation was beginning to move out slowly and reluctantly, Bro. Cowan commenced to sing 'O there will be a mourning at the judgment-seat of Christ,' etc. The whole congregation swung back into their seats; many sobbed aloud; the feeling was intense. The General arose, and literally over the heads of the men (for they had seats of planks laid on logs), made his way to where his wife was sitting, and burst out in a loud cry. This added to the intensity of the feeling; he took his seat alongside of his wife and daughters.
     "Mr. Cochran was sitting upon the platform bathed in tears, with his head down; he felt some one touching him on the shoulder, he looked up and there stood the General with tears coursing over his cheeks and his hand extended, which was at once grasped; he said 'I have been your enemy, you are right, I am wrong, forgive me the injury I have done you'; this was done amidst sobs and deep emotion. Mr. C. with choked utterance made the Christian response.
     "The General then went and took his seat alongside his wife and daughters; Mr. C. talked with him urging him to clear all just now, and go to Christ. His mind was dark; he said he felt his sinfulness and need of a Savior, as he had never done before. He was urged to erect the family alter that night before he went to rest. He gave a reluctant promise that he would try. Mr. C. went to the eldest daughter, who was then entertaining a hope in Christ, and told her of her father's promise to try and pray with the family before going to rest, and requested her to aid him in the fulfillment of his promise; she promptly replied that she would. Quite a number of others came forward. The meeting was continued until 11 o'clock; several efforts were made to adjourn the meeting, but without effect. All went home solemn and thoughtful; no loud talking or laughing was heard.
     "When the General and family got home with their friends from the country who were attending the meeting, there was a silence; none seemed disposed to break it; at last he said: 'Well, I suppose it is time to retire.'
     "The daughter spoke up and said, 'Let us have a prayer before we retire. I will read a portion of Scripture, and you, father, lead us in prayer.' The Bible was at hand; she read a few verses, when they all knelt down and the father prayed, and this was the substance if not the very prayer: 'O Lord God Almighty, have mercy upon me and my family and friends for Jesus sake; Amen.'"

Notes
     On Gentry's horse-racing and his joining the Presbyterian Church, North Todd Gentry, "His Life Had Kentucky Flavor" Columbia Missourian, June 27, 1942. On Gentry's falling from a horse while passing a whiskey bottle, George T. White, "George Tompkins and General Richard Gentry," Columbia Missouri Herald May 10, 1901. On his joining the Temperance Society, Missouri Intelligencer, March 24 and May 10, 1832.
     Richard Gentry's letters from the Santa Fe Trail can be found in the Mary Paxton Keeley Papers (WHMC, Columbia, C848, f. 1). Richard Gentry's letters from the Santa Fe Trail can be found in the Mary Paxton Keeley Papers (WHMC, Columbia, C848, f. 1). Somewhat different accounts of the removal of Andrew Broaddus's arm can be found in the Gentry Book, Josiah Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies (Philadelphia: J. W. Moore, 1844), Alphonso Wetmore's Santa Fe Trail and Santa Fe Trade, (1828, 1914), and Kit Carson's Own Story of His Life (Taos, NM: 1926).
     North Todd Gentry's story of Cochran's stay at Gentry's tavern appears in an interview (Gentry Family Collection, WHMC, Columbia, C4026, f. 2), as does his version of the story of the General's sneaking out the races in 1833. North Todd Gentry also provides the most vivid account of Ann Hawkins Gentry's wild ride on the racing mare in 1819 (Gentry Family Collection, f. 112). The description of social life in the David Todd household circa 1832 is drawn from Anne E. [Todd] Campbell's memoir "When Judge David Todd Danced and the Stars Fell" (Missouri Herald, December 21, 1900, copied in the North Todd Gentry Collection, WHMC, Columbia, C49, f. 40). The same source also documents the friendship between the Todd and Patten families.
     The principal source for William P. Cochran's work as a missionary in the Columbia area and for General Gentry's conversion is "Reminiscence of Presbyterianism in Missouri," a series of articles printed a Columbia newspaper circa 1876 and collected in the scrapbook of Mary Todd Gentry (WHMC, Columbia, C2153). The articles are signed Senex; internal evidence shows that Senex is Cochran himself. I have not been able to locate these articles in any newspaper archive. In the long quotation that ends the section, I have silently corrected what I take to be a few compositor's errors.

Richard Brown Gans: Boone County's Telescope Maker

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Richard Brown Gans brought the Gans name to Boone county from his native Pennsylvania and went on to a lifetime of prolific scientific achievement in the field of telescope-making. Read about Gans’ accomplishments from a wealth of sources from around the nation. These articles and more are included in a vertical file in the Wilson-Wulff History and Genealogy library at the Walters-Boone County Historical Society museum. Thanks to Jack E. Oliver, a great grandson of Mr. Gans, for making the editor aware of this remarkable man and for contributing the photograph of him made by G.L. Collier, photographer, Columbia, Mo.

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From the [Columbia] Weekly Missouri Statesman, February 15, 1878, p. 4, col. 2:

A New Industry.

Mr. R.B. Gans, who resides near Columbia, Mo., has made an equatorial achromatic telescope of six inches aperture possessing wonderful magnifying and defining power. He also made his own machinery for grinding the glass, and has so arranged it as to secure a circular, elliptical or cyclordal motion. The construction and finish of the tube show great mechanical genius to say nothing of the still more wonderful skill displayed in the grinding of the glass. Mr. Gans has by long and careful study and experiment thoroughly informed himself in the art of making telescopes, and has declared his intention to make an achromatic telescope 18 inches in aperture, and we doubt not his success. Mr. Gans invited the senior class of the University out to examine his instrument and they were fortunate enough to observe an occultation of Venus. Mr. Gans takes great pleasure in answering any questions relating to telescopes and astronomy in general, and we predict for him a constant demand for his instruments.—St. Louis Jour. of Ed.

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From the [Columbia] Weekly Missouri Statesman, September 18, 1878, p. 1, col. 3 [No original image accompanies this transcription]:

Christian Female College — The Gans Telescope.

Christian Female College in this place takes another important step forward by the recent purchase of a new, very large and very valuable telescope, the manufacture of one of our own citizens, Mr. R.B. Gans. This fine instrument will very materially add to the educational facilities of Christian College, and to an appreciate extent, heighten the public interest in the institution.
The telescope has been subjected to the severest tests by our scientists and is adjudged one of the best in the country. It is an equatorial achromatic refractor, 6 inches clear aperture; focal length 99 inches; with 6 astronomical eye-pieces powers varying from 100 to 700 times. Mr. Gans obtained the optical discs of glass in the rough from Messrs. Chance & Co., of Birmingham, England, the same firm from whom Alvan Clark & Sons procured the glass discs for their world-renowned telescopes. The tube is made of black walnut, heavily banded with brass, with rack and pinion motion for eye-piece. The “finder” has a focal length of 80 inches, a magnifying power of 40, with an achromatic object glass diameter 1 inch. The telescope is mounted on an iron pedestal, weighing about 200 pounds, which stands on 6 foot screws. The mounting is equatorial with equatorial and declination circles, permitting the tube to be pointed with ease and celerity in any required direction. The gearing is turned by a cord instead of a tumbling shaft handle, which secures a smooth uniform motion, with extreme precision in such a way that as the earth revolves from west to east, the telescope shall revolve from east to west with the same velocity, and thus point steadily at the same star throughout its diurnal motion..
Recently the editor of this paper and many citizens, and students of our several institutions of learning, enjoyed very successful observations of the moon and of Jupiter and his satellites.

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From the Kansas City Review of Science and Industry. Vol. IV, May 1880, No. 1, p. 318 [No original image accompanies this transcription]:

THE Columbia Sentinel reports that Mr. R.B. Gans, a farmer of Boone county, has constructed several small telescopes, which are excellent instruments, and that he is now working upon one of seven inches aperture. He has also invented and constructed a machine for grinding the glasses which is superior to any now in use. One of his telescopes is now on exhibition at the Missouri University, and is pronounced by Prof. Ficklin and others to be a perfect instrument. His next effort will be upon one of 16-1/2 inches diameter and 20 feet focal length. The wonder in this case is that Mr. Gans has never had any training whatever in this direction, but is an amateur in the strictest sense.

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From the [Columbia] Weekly Missouri Statesman, May 2, 1884, p. 2, col. 6:

New Telescope.

Few people know and some of those who do will forget that we have in Boone county, and near Stephens Station, an experienced and successful manufacturer of telescopes, in the person of Mr. R. B. Gans. On Saturday in walking through the University campus with Gov. Crittenden we stopped at the Observatory where we found on trial by Prof. Ficklin a refracting telescope about 7 feet long with an object glass of nearly 5 inches in diameter, the workmanship of Mr. Gans, who was present to exhibit to us the instrument and thro’ which we examined the spots on the sun. The telescope was manufactured for the Cape Girardeau Normal School, and it is being tested—thus far with very satisfactory results—by Prof. Ficklin and Thomas before shipment. It is a beautiful instrument, and the fact that it is a Boone county production excited the wonder and admiration of Gov. Crittenden.

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From the Boonville Weekly Advertiser, January 5, 1900, p. 2, cols. 1-2:

A MISSOURI ASTRONOMER.

From the Kansas City Star.

Columbia, Mo., claims a genius in the person of J. [sic] Brown Gans, an aged astronomer, and one of the most aston[ish]ing facts regarding him is that he has made with his own hands and without the aid of machinery, all of the telescopes with which he has conducted his astronomical experiments. Curiosity and a deep desire to fathom the mysteries of the sky have been Gans’s inspiration, and his work covering a life time, has been done in the face of disheartening circumstances. At the age of 80 he is still unknown to fame and beyond a limited circle in the scientific world his work has received no recognition. Gans has five telescopes of various size and power at his home in North Columbia, and they are so nearly perfect that it is difficult to believe them hand-made. Dr. Milton Updegraff, until recently professor of astronomy in the Missouri State University, and now an instructor in the United States navy, is an ardent admirer of Mr. Gans and has pronounced the aged astronomer’s telescopes to be superior to those at the University. The largest of the Gans telescopes is seven inches in diameter and 100 inches in length. The smallest, which Gans calls “the baby,” is 2-3/4 inches in diameter by 43 inches in length.
But the old astronomer is more interesting than his telescopes. He was born at Fayette Town, Pa., in 1819, and has been a stargazer from childhood. As soon as he was able to read he began the study of astronomy. He spent all of his savings on astronomical treatises and never seemed to weary of poring over pages insufferably dull to the average youth. He has in his library now many of the books purchased in his boyhood. In those early days astronomy was not taught in the public schools and young Gans was his own instructor.

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Obituary from the Columbia Missouri Herald, January 20, 1905, p. 6, col. 3:

R.B. Gans.—R.B. Gans died at his home at 1308 Paris Road, Saturday evening, January 14, 1905, and was buried buried [sic] in the Columbia cemetery Monday afternoon. Rev. C.H. Winders of the Christian church conducted the services at the home. The deceased was eighty-five years of age. He leaves a wife, eighty-one years old, five children, eighteen grandchildren and four great grandchildren. The children are: Mrs. Iams and Miss Ida Gans, both of whom are teaching school in St. Louis; Geo. Gans, of Columbia; Mrs. Mary M. Allton, of Hinton; and Mrs. Alice G. Self, of Columbia, who is making her home with her mother on Paris road. Mr. Gans was in many respects one of the most remarkable men of this county. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1819 and move to Boone county in 1868. He attained national fame as a telescope and lens maker, the firs telescope that he made, sixty years old, having been sold to the Waynesburg College, Pennsylvania, for a large sum. He made a number of other excellent instruments, sold to various institutions. In the workshop at his home still remain three fine refractors.

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Obituary from the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, January 29, 1905, p. 8, cols. 2-3:

There was buried in Columbia on January 15 a man whose name was once well known to the lens grinders and telescope makers of America.
Richard Brown Ganz was born in Fayette county, Pa., July 2, 1819, and died in Columbia Saturday, January 14, 1905. He early manifested an interested in physics, and long before he became acquainted with the properties of light he experimented with telescopes and lens. In 1837, in a blacksmith shop in Fayette county, Pa., he made the tube, lenses and equipments of his first instruments, a reflector. Young Ganz worked at his beloved instrument by night until it was finished. He then took it to a neighborhood fair, strange to say, using his grandfather’s hearse as a conveyance. At the fair he allowed persons to look into the crude affair, the moon, of course, being reflected in the bottom mirror.
From that time until the day of his death he made telescopes. Before coming to Missouri in 1868, he made a beautiful 8-inch refractor for Waynesburg college in Pennsylvania, which is still in use there. At that period of his life Mr. Ganz had thrust upon him in unrecognized form an opportunity, which if he had taken advantage of it, would have made him famous in the scientific world. He was offered a position with Alvin Clark & sons, afterward the best known telescope makers in the world. But the allurements of a Missouri farm were too strong for him and he came to Boone county.
There, however, he continued to make telescopes which he sold to many institutions of learning. The most remarkable feature of his work was not only its fineness, but the fact that he made every part of each instrument and the machinery with which he worked, with his ow hands. In 1896, when in his 78th year, he made four beautiful instruments, a picture of the largest, a 7.7-inch refractor, being given here. He ground and polished the lens for this instrument on a home-made lathe, and every part of the intricate equatorial mounting is the work of his own fingers.
One of Mr. Ganz’s instruments is in the observatory of Dr. Irl R. Hicks at his fine suburban home. Mr. Ganz’s oldest daughter, Mrs. Carrie E. Iams, lives at 819 King’s highway, and is a teacher in the Harrison school.

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Other references to Richard Brown Gans:

History of Boone County Missouri. William F. Switzler, 1882. p. 761. Biographical sketch of R. Brown Gans.

The Sidereal Messenger, Vol. 5, No. 10, December 1886, unnumbered page before p. 289 (an ad by R. Brown Gans, Brown's Station, Mo., for a 4.8" telescope for sale).

[Jefferson City] Daily Tribune, October 14, 1890, p. 4, col. 3.

[Columbia] Missouri Statesman, August 14, 1896, p. 1, col. 2.

[Columbia] University Missourian, April 21, 1909, p. 4, col. 1. “A Boone County Telescope-Maker.”

Popular Astronomy, Vol. XVII, December 1909, p. 169 (an ad for a Gans telescope).

Biographical Sketches of Prominent Boone Countians -- 1895

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From the Boone County Historical Society collection. Donated by Warren Dalton. Columbia Missouri Herald, Historical Edition, E.W. Stephens, Proprietor. Walter Williams, Editor. Columbia, Mo. 1895.

Beginning on page 25, this special publication printed biographical sketches of 236 of the county's prominent citizens, most being from Columbia, and all but one being men. The order in the original publication has been changed to an alphabetical listing by surname to aid in browsing or searching for variant spellings. Otherwise, the listing is an accurate transcription. In those cases where the sketches were accompanied by photographs of the subject, a reference to the page number of the photograph is included at the end of the sketch, though the portraits are not included in this posting. An accompanying post does include photographs of 25 residences of these prominent men. Click here to see the photos of their residences, a study of the homes of the wealthy in 1895.

D.C. ADAMS, merchant, was born in Warrensville, a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1837. His father, now 85 yrs old, is a native of Maine, and his mother of New York, hence Mr. Adams is of Yankee extraction. Though his ancestry is decidedly democratic, Mr. Adams is a prohibitionist republican. He is a Methodist who practices the Old Testament rule of giving one-tenth of his income annually to religious use. He has lived in seven states and traveled in nearly all, coming to Missouri seven years ago. In 1864 he married Miss Lydia A. Pasmore, of New York. Four children have been born to them and four buried. The have two adopted daughters now. Mr. And Mrs. Adams are enthusiasts in the work of befriending the needy. Three years ago Mr. Adams established the variety store in Columbia known as the Racket, in conducting which he and his wife have been decidedly successful. In a single day, last Christmas, 3,700 people visited the store by actual count. Mr. Adams has never used tobacco in any form. [See p. 46 for photo of D.C. Adams. A photo of 42-month-old girl Jessie Adams, adopted daughter of D.C. Adams, appears on p. 8.]

EDWARD ARCHIBALD ALLEN, professor of English in the University of Missouri, is a native of Virginia. His grandfather, Captain Allen, served in the War of the Revolution. He received his preparation for college at a private academy near his home in Suffolk, and later at Dr. Gessner Harrison’s classical school in Albermarle county. He was in his senior year at Randolph-Macon College, when, in 1862, with the young men of his class, he entered the service of his state in the cavalry under the command of General J.E.B. Stuart. Prof. Allen had a horse killed under him at Brandy Station, and was wounded at the battle of Burgess’s Mills. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia for several years, where he became conspicuous in classical scholarship. Prof. Gildersleve, now of Johns Hopkins, spoke of his “marked literary taste” while under his tuition. His career as a teacher after leaving the university began in the Sunny Side High School, from which he was called to the professorship of Latin in Farmville College, Virginia. In 1881, Prof. Allen was elected to the chair of English and Modern Languages in Central College, Fayette, one of the leading colleges of Missouri, then under the presidency of Bishop Hendrix. In 1885, he was offered the chair of English in the University. At that time the chair embraced also political science and normal instruction. Prof. Allen accepted on condition that the work of the department should be limited to instruction in the English language and literature based upon modern methods. The department has since grown to such an extent as to require the addition of two assistant professors. Dr. Allen has occasionally contribute to various journals philological articles, which have received favorable comment from distinguished scholars in this country and in England. In 1889, the honorary degree of Litt. D. Was conferred on Prof. Allen by Washington and Lee University. Dr. Allen is a member of the Modern Language Association of America, and was one of the committee of ten for English, which met at Vassar in December, 1892. He has delivered many lectu4res throughout the state, all of which have widened his reputation as a teacher, and impressed upon the people of the state his value to the University, for whose w3elfare his sound judgment is continually sought. Dr. Allen has a charming wife and interesting family. He is a member of the Columbia Methodist church. [See p. 41 for photo of E.A. Allen.]

J.M. ALLTON, plasterer, was born in Marion county, West Virginia, October 8, 1842. He is the son of Joseph and Harriet Allton, and was educated in West Virginia schools. Mr. Allton came to Boone county in November, 1865. Here, in 1872, he married Miss Mary F. Gans. They have seven children: Harry, Lillian, Charles, Jesse, Nellie, Mary H. and John A. Mr. Allton is a plasterer. For two years he served as constable of Columbia township, and for two years as councilman. He served four years in a Virginia regiment of the Confederate army. From 1864 till the war closed he was in the Confederate cavalry. Mr. Allton is an Odd Fellow, and in politics a democrat. [See p. 46 for photo of J.M. Allton.]

HERMANN B. ALMSTEDT, editor of the University Argus, the monthly magazine issued by students of the State University, was born in 1872 in St. Louis. His home is now in St. Charles, Missouri. Mr. Almstedt is a member of the senior class of the University and is taking the L.B. course. [See p. 37 for photo of H.B. Almstedt.]

BEN. M. ANDERSON, presiding judge of the Boone county court, one of the best known and most active citizens of Columbia, was born in this city December 4, 1854. With the exception of two years, from 1879 to 1881, in Callaway county he has always been a resident of Boone county. He attended school in the district schools and spent one year at the State University. Mr. Anderson, from 1879 to January 10, 1891, was a member of the firm of Anderson & Kimbrough, livery stable owners and dealers in horses and mules. The firm was known all over the west, and sold stock from Iowa to California. In 1891, Mr. Kimbrough’s health failing, Mr. Anderson bought his interest in the business and continued at the old stand until November 1893, when the establishment was destroyed by fire. Sine that date Mr. Anderson has been engaged in real estate and politics, in both of which he has been successful. As a politician Mr. Anderson–Judge Anderson as he may now be called–has few equals. He served as collector of Boone county from 1886 to 1889, resigning in the latter year because of the ill health of his business partner, the late J.A. Kimbrough. He mad an efficient and faithful officer, and collected the money which paid off the last cent of Boone county’s debt. In 1894 he was triumphantly elected to his present position after a lively campaign. He is making an excellent county judge. Judge Anderson is of course a democrat. He is a member of the Southern Methodist church, of the K. Of P., and of the A.O.U.W. He is a son of the late Benjamin and Sara A. Anderson. In December, 1882, he married Miss Fannie Bowling, daughter of J.D. Bowling. They have four children. [See p. 25 for photo of B.M. Anderson.]

J.M. ANGELL, president of the Bank of Centralia, is one of the most substantial citizens of that township. He owns 1,000 acres of land within three miles of Centralia, has been for fifteen years bank director and five years president. He was for six years justice of the peace and for twelve years county court judge. Judge Angell was born and raised in Boone county, and by industry and thrift has amassed considerable wealth. He is 61 years of age, a democrat, member of the Southern Methodist church and Mason. He lives three miles west of Centralia. [See p. 70 for photo of J.M. Angell.]

LEE ANTHONY, dealer in mules, was born in Morgan county, Missouri, in 1848, coming to Boone county in 1862 and to Columbia in 1888. He fo some time managed a livery, feed and sale stable, but of late has devoted his attention wholly to the mule trade, in which he has been signally successful. In 1874 he married Miss Lottie Tucker. The have a family of interesting children and one of the handsomest homes in all Columbia. Mr. Anthony is a member of the Christian church. [See p. 46 for photo of Lee Anthony.]

MORRIS A. ARNOLD, cashier of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, Centralia, is a shrewd financier and modest, obliging gentleman. He was born in Mexico, Missouri, May 1, 1866, the son of R.R. Arnold. He was educatd in the Mexico public schools and at the State university. He is a democrat, a K. of P., and a member of the Beta fraternity. Mr. Arnold has been in the banking business twelve years. He was four years with the Third National Bank, St. Louis, and since 1891 has held his present position. On October 11 1893, he married Miss Georgia Moss, of Paris, Missouri. They have one son. [See p. 72 for photo of M.A. Arnold.]

WILLIAM ANDERSON AUSTIN, merchant tailor, is a member of that company of energetic young business men who will make the Columbia of to-morrow surpass the Columbia of to-day. He is a son of the late Calvin J. Austin, and was born in Columbia March 3, 1869. He has been in the merchant tailoring business in this city three years and has been quite successful. He is a member of the Christian church, of the U.R.K. of P., a Mason, a Knight Templar and a democrat. He is not married. [See p. 46 for photo of W.A. Austin.]

SAMUEL H. BAKER, senior member of the firm of Baker, Robinson & Co., dealers in groceries, was born in Providence, Boone county, December 13, 1848. Mr. Baker came to Columbia in 1850 and has had a long and honorable career as a merchant. After attending the State University he began selling groceries in 1868, and has followed that occupation continuously and successfully. In Huntsville, June 21, 1886, he married Miss Dora Shaefer. They have no children. Mr. Baker is a Baptist, and has been deacon and treasurer of the Columbia Baptist church. He is an unswerving democrat. Mr. Baker is a son of the late Barnabas Baker. [See p. 47 for photo of S.H. Baker.]

H.H. BANKS, cashier of the Columbia Savings Bank, was born December 2, 1859. He has held the offices of city treasurer and county treasurer. He is married and a democrat. Mr. Banks is a man of sound business sense, and has made a fine record in his chosen occupation. The success f the Savings Bank is due, in greatest measure, to Mr. Banks’ ability as a financier. [See p. 28 for photo of H.H. Banks.]

WILL G. BARRETT, editor and proprietor of the Columbia Statesman, was born in Leavenworth, Kansas, October 13, 1864. His mother was a New Yorker and his father a Virginian. His mother died in his infancy. His father, the late Rev. T.W. Barrett, was for eleven years president of Stephens College. Mr. Barrett was educated in the public schools, William Jewell College and the State University. He was seven years a resident of Jefferson City and, for the past eleven years, of Columbia. He is a member of the Baptist church and has always been a democrat. Mr. Barrett purchased the Statesman in 1888. He has greatly increased its circulation and added much new material and new machinery to the office. He has within the last few months put in a new power press capable of doing specially raid and fine work. Mr. Barrett is a clever gentleman with many friends, and the Statesman, under his management, is one of the leading and influential papers of Central Missouri, with a deservedly wide patronage.   The office has been moved to the handsome new Statesman building on Walnut and Eighth streets. Mr. Barrett is not married. [See p. 38 for photo of W.G. Barrett.]

VICTOR BARTH, merchant, is a familiar figure in Columbia. Since 1866 he has been a resident of this place. By unremitting industry and enterprise he has built up a business as a clothing merchant that he handles in three stores in one. The firm name is Joe & Vic Barth, with stores at Columbia and Mexico. Mr. Barth was born in Prussia on January 4, 1850. He married, August 23, 1876, Miss Nettie A. Barth, of Rocheport. They have one child, Irvin V. Mr. Barth has been in the clothing business in Columbia since 1868. He is a Mason, K. Of P., and member of the A.O.U.W. Mr. Barth is a Hebrew and a democrat. [See p. 46 for photo of V. Barth.]

JOSEPH BAUMAN, shoe maker, removed to Columbia from Ashland in 1893, and has built up a good business in this place by his skill and industry. He has been a shoemaker since 1870. Mr. Bauman was two years a member of the Ashland school board and three years a councilman of that thriving town. He served as Master of the Ashland Masonic lodge and as Receiver for the A.O.U.W. He s a Catholic and a democrat. Mr. Bauman was born in Sandusky county, Ohio, September 10, 1855. He came to Cole county, Missouri, in 1868 to Jefferson City in 1870, and to Ashland in 1876. On November 18, 1878, Mr. Bauman married Miss Lucy Jones, who died November 1, 1891, leaving five children–Joseph, Lizzie, Maud, Laura (deceased) and Allie. [See p. 47 for photo of Joseph Bauman.]

GEORGE HAMILTON BEASLEY, teacher of mathematics and science in the University Academy, is a fine example of the result of industry, thrift and fidelity to a purpose.   By his own efforts he earned the money necessary to educate himself at the State University. He has taught four years in district and graded schools, and is now making a good record in the Academy. He is a son of Noah Beasley, and was born in Boone county, Missouri, May 25, 1865. Mr. Beasley is a democrat. He has been superintendent of the Columbia Methodist Sunday School three years. In 1894 he took the degrees of S.B. and P.B. at the State University. He is not married. [See p. 44 for photo of George H. Beasley.]

JOHN N. BELCHER, merchant, is a democrat and a Presbyterian. Born in Boone county, March 19, 1864, he is the son of W.H. and Zerelda Belcher. He was educated in the public schools of the county and the State University. On September 1, 1884, he married Miss Mason, of Columbia. They have one child, Mason, a bright little boy. Mr. Belcher is a member of the A.O.U.W. and of the Knights of Maccabees. He has been for eleven years in the grocery business and sticks closely to his text. His home is one of the handsomest in Columbia. [See p. 47 for photo of J.N. Belcher.]

THOMPSON N. BELCHER, grocery merchant, is a native of Boone county, affable and aggressive. He was born March 27, 1858, and one May 20, 1891, married Miss Mary Wilson of this county. He has been nine years in the grocery business in Columbia, and is now a member of the well-known firm of Belcher Brothers. Mr. Belcher is a Baptist. The Maccabees is the only secret organization of which he is a member. [See p. 47 for photo of T.N. Belcher.]

MORRIS FREDERICK BELL, architect of the University, is a prominent, influential citizen of Fulton. He was born in Washington county, Maryland, on the eighteenth of August, 1849. In early youth he received a common school education in that county, and at the age of thirteen was apprenticed to the builders trade, at which he worked for three years, two years under instruction at Martinsburg, West Virginia. Resolved to qualify himself thoroughly for he profession of architecture, soon after the conclusion of his term of instruction at Martinsburg, he became a matriculate in Duff’s well known college at Pittsburg, in which he continued until he graduated in the winter of 1868-9. The following year Mr. Bell came to Missouri, and located at Mexico, where he began his career as n architect, a profession of which he was soon to became a leading representative. Successfully occupied at Mexico for about two years, he then located permanently at Fulton. Since his location in Fulton, Mr. Bell has been architect of many of the more important State buildings erected in Missouri. He was architect of the State Insane Asylum and the Deaf and Dumb Institute at Fulton, the Nevada Insane Asylum, and is now architect of the Missouri State University at Columbia, and was the architect of a large number of other buildings, public and private. He is widely and well known through the west as one of the most capable and successful architects in this section of he country. The buildings he has erected in the last ten years aggregate in value millions of dollars. Mr. Bell is a member of the Ame4rican Institute of Architects. He is also prominently identified with the business interests of Fulton, and in fact, of the entire State. In business affairs he is one of the most energetic and active citizens of Callaway county, and is more than ordinarily public spirited and progressive in advocating and aiding measures for the advancement of its general interests. Personally, Mr. Bell is popular with all classes, and being a man of culture and refinement, as well as of high character and personal worth, his standing is among the very best citizens of the State. [See p. 68 for image of M. Fred Bell.]

S.H. BELL, blacksmith and carriage maker, is by birth a Tennessean. He was born in that state November 28, 1838, the son of Samuel and Lena Bell. He has since lived in Iowa, Kansas Mexico, Missouri, and since 1889 in Columbia. He has been a carriage-maker since 1854, and knows every branch of the business thoroughly. Mr. Bell is an Odd Fellow and member of the Triple Alliance. In 1861 Mr. Bell married Miss Cornelia Payne, and, after her death, he married November 28, 1883, Miss Julia DeJarnett. He has two children, Thos. B., and Louis. Mr. Bell is now the senior member of the firm of Bell & Gillaspy. [See p. 48 for photo of S.H. Bell.]

C.V. BICKNELL, coroner of Boone county, is a Kentuckian by birth but, since 1854, has been a resident of Missouri. He was born June 18th, 1828, in Henry county. In 1862, January 28, he was married. Mr. Bicknell served under General Winfield Scott in the Mexican war and afterward was a confederate soldier. He has been coroner eight years. Mr. Bicknell is a resident of Columbia, a carpenter by occupation, a democrat of course, and an honored citizen. He is now serving his second term as justice of the peace for this township. [See p. 27 for photo of C.V. Bicknell.]

FREDERICK BIHR, wagon-maker, son of Matthew and Mary Bihr, was born in St. Gothard, Wurtemburg, Germany, August 15, 1837. He came to the United States in 1854, and to Columbia in 1865. On November 26, 1863, he married Miss Kate Henley. They have two children living, Frank and Samuel. Mr. Bihr has been for twenty years making the well-known Columbia Wagon, and has been making wagons for forty-two years. He is Guide in the Knights of Honor, and a member of the Christian church. He succeeded Capt. J.A. Adams in the wagon-making business. [See p. 48 for photo of Frederick Bihr.]

FRED H. BINDER, of Jefferson City, is the builder of the main academic hall of the State University. He was born and educated in Hanover, Germany, where under the direction of his father, a prominent architect and builder, he prepared himself for that calling. In 1866, at the age of 20 years, he made a visit to the United States, where his uncle was living in Franklin county, Missouri. The young man only intended remaining a year or two but he has become a permanent resident and citizen. In the spring of 1867 he went to Jefferson City as a journeyman carpenter, later becoming superintendent of construction for his employer. Since 1873 Mr. Binder has been engaged in business of his own as architect and builder. Not content with local work he has become known all over the State as an honest, faithful workman. Among the buildings constructed by him are: The Missouri Reform School at Boonville, school, chapel and additions to the Missouri Deaf and Dumb Institutions at Fulton, St. Peters church, Monroe House, Merchants and Exchange Bank, Jefferson City, Adams Block, Fulton, the Training School for Lincoln Institute and Missouri State University buildings. For four years Mr. Binder had charge of the construction of the United States government building, Jefferson City, being appointed superintendent of construction under President Arthur and holding the position three years under President Cleveland. The Jefferson City waterworks, of which Mr. Binder is president, were constructed under his supervision. He was instrumental in organizing the first Building and Loan Association in Jefferson City and has been its president for ten years. Mr. Binder is likewise president of the Jefferson City Bridge & Transit Company, a corporation to bridge the Missouri river at Jefferson City, and is a liberal supporter of the scheme. He has held numerous honorable positions at the state capital, having been school director, councilman and mayor by unanimous vote. Mr. Binder is married and has one son, Fred, favorably known here, now traveling in Germany for educational purposes. Mr. Binder is a member of the German Evangelical congregation in Jefferson City. Columbia people, among whom Mr. Binder has labored for two years, have learned to esteem him as a man of sterling worth, liberal, industrious and of the strongest integrity. [See p. 68 for photo of F.H. Binder.]

J.P. BLANTON, A.M., professor of theory and practice of teaching in the State University, is a graceful speaker, a cultured and courteous gentleman and a teacher of marked ability. Born near Farmville, Cumberland county, Virginia, January 29, 1849, at an early age he went to Kentucky under the care of an older brother, Rev. Dr. L.H. blanton. Returning to Virginia he attended academies and private schools until 1864, when he entered Hampden Sidney College. In brief time, however, he left college to join the Army of Northern Virginia in its last fateful campaign. At the close of the war he re-entered college, graduating with honors in 1869. Devoting himself to teaching, he was successively in charge of schools near Paris and Lexington, Kentucky, and in Ashley, Pike Co., Mo. Then he was elected principal of Parker Seminary at Troy. After four years of successful work at the head of that school he was elected superintendent of the Mexico schools, where he remained four years, building these schools up to high rank. In 1882 he became president of the State Normal School at Kirksville. Here his splendid executive ability and his inspiring personality advanced that institution to the highest rank among normal schools. In 1891 Prof. Blanton was chosen to his present position. There are few, if any, teachers who are more popular with old students and with all classes than prof. Blanton. This fact, added to his acknowledged gifts as orator and professor, make him a valuable addition to the University faculty. He is happily married and has several bright children. Prof. Blanton is a stalwart democrat and a Presbyterian. [See p. 39 for photo of J.P. Blanton.]

R.J. BOOTH was born in Northumberland county, Virginia, April 1, 1834. He removed to Boone county in 1853. He became associated with J.L. Matthews as carriage-maker. Later he entered the furniture business and conducted this successfully for fifteen years. Two years ago, because of paralysis, he was compelled to retire from active work. Maj. Booth married, on October 10, 1883, Miss Virginia Hultz, daughter of the late Commodore P. Hultz. They have three children. Maj. Booth has been a hard-working citizen and is respected by all who know him. [See p. 48 for photo of R.J. Booth.]

R.J. BOUCHELLE, postmaster of Columbia, is one of its most respected citizens. Born in LaGrange, Tennessee, December 14, 1848, he removed to Louisiana in 1854 and to Columbia in 1878. Mr. Bouchelle is the son of Dr. R.M. Bouchelle, and was educated in Tennessee and Bastrop, Louisiana. Mr. Bouchelle entered the Confederate army at 16 years of age and served through the war. Previous to coming to Columbia he was engaged in raising cotton. In Columbia he was a member of the mercantile firms of Strawn, Ferguson & Bouchelle, and Strawn, Bouchelle & Elkin. Mr. Bouchelle was nominated for postmaster at a democratic primary election held in June, 1893, and on December 20, 1893, was appointed to that office. He makes an excellent postmaster, courteous and efficient. Mr. Bouchelle was for several years chairman of the board of trustees of Columbia and is, of course, a democrat. In December, 1874, Mr. Bouchelle married Miss Virginia Bradford. They have four children: Lavinia, Julian, Emma, and Slater. Mr. Bouchelle is a Mason. [See p. 28 for image of R.J. Bouchelle.]

C.B. BOWLING, secretary and business manager of the McAlester Lumber Company since 1878, is one of the safest, mot successful and most industrious business men in Columbia. He is at the head of a concern that does an immense amount of business annually. Mr. Bowling was born in Columbia January 7, 1860, the son of J.D. Bowling, an esteemed citizen of this community. He attended Stephens College and the State University. Mr. Bowling is a Mason, a steward in the Methodist church and a democrat. He as served in the city council and in other positions of trust. On November 9, 1882, Mr. Bowling married Miss Laura J. Campbell, of Springfield, Missouri. They have two children. C.C. and W.C. [See p. 48 for photo of C.B. Bowling.]

GEORGE A. BRADFORD, farmer, resides on one of the best farms in the county, situated three miles southeast of Columbia on the Ashland gravel road. He was born near Georgetown, Scott county, Kentucky, June 6, 1830, coming to Boone county with his parents in 1836. In 1858 he married Miss Annie Smith, of Randolph county. They have several children. Mr. Bradford was educated at the famous Bonne Femme Academy. He is a member of the Christian church, a democrat and belongs to a family which has done good service in building up Boone county. He is an honorable citizen, a progressive and successful farmer. [See p. 69 for photo of G.A. Bradford.]

DR. GEORGE A. BRADFORD is one of Columbia’s most promising physicians. He was born in Boone county, Missouri, November 7, 1865, the son of George A. Bradford, a prosperous farmer. Dr. Bradford was educated at the State University and the St. Louis Medical School. He practiced medicine for four years in Ashland, coming to Columbia in March, 1893. Dr. Bradford last fall attended special medical lectures in New York City. He is a democrat, a member of the U.R.K. of P., the Triple Alliance, and the I.O.O.F. He is not married. [See p. 35 for photo of Dr. G.A. Bradford.]

ALEXANDER BRADFORD, JR., assistant postmaster, is, of course, a democrat. He was born, the son of George A. And Annie E. Bradford, in Boone county, June 25, 1873. He attended the State University for some time, but failing eye-sight compelled him to leave school in his sophomore year. He was a farmer until January 1, 1894, when he was appointed assistant postmaster, which position he fills now to the satisfaction of every patron of the office. He is a Mason. [See p. 48 for photo of A.T. Bradford.]

WILLIAM A BRIGHT, president and superintendent of the Boone County Milling and Elevator Company, is one of Boone county’s best citizens, a man of high character, constant courtesy and recognized business ability. In addition to his duties as miller he operates a farm of 1,300 acres, handles mules and cattle, is director in the Exchange National Bank and trustee of Christian College. He is a member of the Christian church and, in political belief and practice, a democrat. Mr. Bright was born in Callaway county, Missouri, September 8, 1850, and moved to Boone county in February, 1877. He is the son of Judge M. and Jane Bright, of Callaway county, who moved to Missouri from Virginia. On June 2, 1875, Mr. Bright married Miss Sallie Carter of Boone county. They have seven children: Ada, Rella, Margaret, Adelia, Haden, Clarkson and Shirley. Mr. Bright lives in a pleasant home northwest of Columbia. [See p. 69 for photo of W.A. Bright.]

GARLAND C. BROADHEAD, professor of geology and mineralogy in the University of the State of Missouri, is a Missourian and has had a distinguished record of usefulness. Few men have done more to develop and promote the material interests of the State than Prof. Broadhead. None has written more extensively regarding the geology and none is looked upon as higher authority upon this and kindred subjects. His writings cover 1,200 pages of books besides many newspaper articles. Various honorable positions have come to Prof. Broadhead without his solicitation. He was assistant geologist of Missouri in 1857 and again in 1871. He was appointed and confirmed receiver of public moneys at Boonville in 1867, but declined. In 1875 he was appointed by the Smithsonian Institute to collect for the Philadelphia Exposition. In 1876 he was a member of the board of judges at this exposition. He was appointed in 1864 to make surveys for the Missouri Pacific railroad in Western Missouri, in Kansas in 1879, and for the Louisiana & Missouri River railroad in 1870. In 1881 he was special agent of the tenth census to report on building stones of Missouri and Kansas. In 1884 he was appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate a member of the Missour8i River Commission. In 1887 he was appointed to his present position, where he reflects credit upon his state and its chief school. From 1889 to 1893, Prof. Broadhead served as a member of the State Board of Mines and Geology of Missouri, appointed by Gov. Francis. Prof. Broadhead and family live in one of the most attractive homes in Columbia. His national reputation brings him many inquiries on geological subjects to which he always gives courteous and complete replies. Prof. Broadhead was born in Albemarle county, Virginia, on October 30, 1827. He has resided I Columbia since 1872. In 1864 Prof. Broadhead married Miss Marion W. Wright, of Cass county. To them were born four children: Marion W., Whitsett, Garland C., Marion Gertrude, and Harry Howard. [That’s five – editor.] After the death of his first wife he married, in June, 1890, Miss Victoria R. Royall, of Columbia. Besides the positions already named, Prof. Broadhead has been assistant engineer fo the Union Pacific railroad, assistant geologist of Missouri from 1857 to 1861, deputy collector of internal revenue from 1862 to 1864, assistant engineer Missouri Pacific railroad from 1864 to 1866, United States assessor, assistant geologist of Illinois in 1870, assistant geologist of Missouri 1871 to 1873, state geologist in 1873 to 1875, and has held other honorable positions. Prof. Broadhead has been a member fo the Missouri River Commission since 1884. He is a fellow of the Geological Society o American, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, memer of the St. Louis Historical Society, Virginia Historical Society, of the American Association of Forestry, of the American Geographical Society, and various other scientific organizations. He is politically a staunch democrat. [See p. 39 for photo of G.C. Broadhead.]

FRANK E. BRUTON, of Sturgeon, merchant, has made his name a household word in Randolph, Monroe, Audrain and Boone counties by persistent advertising, low prices and fair dealings. He is a splendid business man, chock full of energy and enterprise and thoroughly honest. Mr. Bruton was born in Boone county, February 17, 1858. He began business in 1872 in Centralia and in 1879 moved to Sturgeon and opened the Red Front cash store in 1890, which now does a business of $32,000 annually. He married Miss Ida Harris. They have one child, F.E., Jr. Mr. Bruton was mayor of Sturgeon four years, member of the city council, is treasurer of the school board, democratic central committeeman, Knight Templar and member of the Christian church. His trade in all lines of merchandise is increasing largely each year. [See p. 70 for photo of F.E. Bruton.]

JOHN MILLER BURNAM, assistant professor of Latin in the State university, was born April 9, 1864, in Bowie, Estell county, Kentucky. In 1869 he came to Columbia, going to Richmond, Kentucky, in 1876, to St. Louis in 1878, to Richmond again in 1885, and to Columbia in 1891. Mr. Burnam’s early education was given him by his father, E.H. Burnam (M.S.U. 1849). He afterwards attended school at Central University, Richmond, Kentucky, Washington University, St. Louis, and Yale (B.A. and Ph.D.) He traveled in France, Spain, Italy, Germany, England and Switzerland from August, 1886, to February, 1889. Mr. Burnam served as professor of Latin and French in Georgetown College, Ky., from September, 1889, to June 1891. He has since served with distinguished credit in the position he now holds. Mr. Burnam is a member of the Richmond (Ky.) Baptist church. In politics he is a free-trader and a democrat. He is not married. [See p. 39 for photo of J.M. Burnam.]

MIDDLETON S. BUSH, undertaker and dealer in furniture, of Centralia, is the oldest exclusive furniture dealer in Boone county. He was born in this county in 1856, and except for seven years spent in Audrain county has been a resident of Boone county his entire life. Mr. Bush married in 1875 Miss P.J. Brown. They have two children, Rosa P. and C.W. He was superintendent of the Centralia Baptist Sunday School three years and has been officer in the K. of P., A.O.U.W., and K.O.T.M., president of Aegis. Mr. Bush is vice-president of the Centralia Building & Loan Association, which has done much to build up Centralia. He is a democrat. [See p. 80 for photo of M.S. Bush.]

J.R. CAMPBELL, general manager Singer Sewing Machine Company, at Moberly, is a citizen of Columbia and has been for about sixteen years.   His new home near the University is one of the most pleasantly arranged and attractive in the city. Mr. Campbell was born in 1846, in Audrain county. Except a brief residence in Johnson county, he resided in Audrain until in 1878 he came to Columbia. He married Miss Amelia Turner, of Audrain county, in 1870. Mr. Campbell served in the Confederate army from 1863 to the close of the civil war. He as been a school director and member of th Columbia council. For twenty-five years he has been general manager of the Singer company, having charge of all territory from St. Charles to the Iowa line, with headquarters at Moberly. He is a Baptist, a democrat, a Mason and a member of the A.O.U.W. Mr. Campbell is distinguished for liberality, good judgment and business enterprise. He makes a fine citizen. [See p. 49 for photo of J.R. Campbell.]

JOHN W. CARLISLE, city collector, was born in Fayette county, Kentucky, May 7, 1835, the son of Thomas Carlisle. He was educated in the subscription schools of Kentucky. Mr. Carlisle learned the carpenter’s trade and then gunsmithing. He came to Columbia in 1855. He was clerk for the late Maj. N.W. Wilson, and the mercantile house of Field, Samuel & Quisenbury, until 1858. Mr. Carlisle was deputy sheriff under John M. Samuel four years. In 1863 he engaged in business at Hallsville. The next year he sold out and returned to Columbia, becoming a partner of Thomas W. Harrison in the tinshop and stove business. Later he bought out Mr. Harrison’s interest and conducted the establishment alone until 1867. Then he sold his store and bought a half interest in the Rocheport ferry. After two years in the ferry trade he merchandised in Cooper county for some months. In 1872 he returned to Columbia and opened a gunshop, which establishment he still conducts successfully. In 1892 Mr. Carlisle was elected city collector by Columbia democrats. His term of office expires in April, and he will be a candidate for re-election. Mr. Carlisle is an honest and obliging citizen, well-liked by the people of this town where he has lived so long. He is married and has one child, Mrs. R.J. Hodge. Mr. Carlisle is a Mason, a member of the A.O.U.W., and of the Columbia Christian church. [See p. 28 for photo of John W. Carlisle.]

WILLIAM J. CARTER, farmer and dealer in coal, is like many other successful citizens, a native of Boone county. He was born July 6, 1865, the son of John W. and Margaret Carter. He was educated at the State University. On December 21, 1886, Mr. Carter married Miss Ada Bullard at Lexington, Missouri. They have three children: Haden, Marie and Alcena. Mr. Carter is an Odd Fellow, a member of the Christian church and a democrat. [See p. 64 for photo of W.J. Carter.]

EDWARD BEAUFORD CAUTHORN, instructor in the University mathematical department, graduated from that institution with the degree of B.C.E. He was born in Columbia October 21, 1874, and is the son of Prof. W.A. and Mary H. Cauthorn. His father was for twenty years professor of mathematics in the University. Mr. Cauthorn is a member of the Christian church, a democrat, and in 1893 won the Junior Rollins Scholarship in the University. [See p. 40 for photo of E.B. Cauthorn.]

WILLIAM B. CAUTHORN, civil engineer and chemist, is twenty-four years of age, having been born in Columbia in 1870. He entered the State University in September, 1883, spending two years preparing for scientific work. During the succeeding three years he devoted his time to the scientific course, giving special attention to mathematics and chemistry. In September, 1888, he entered the engineering department, graduating with two degrees in 1891. The winter of ‘91-‘92 Mr. Cauthorn passed with the United States Engineering Corps on “The Red River of the South.” He was afterwards employed as engineer by the Mokane Realty Company, and in various cities and towns. He also taught chemistry in the University. He is a young man of decided talent and with a bright future. [See p. 48 for photo of W.B. Cauthorn.]

J.O. CHEATHAM, landlord of the Columbia Hotel, is the son of D.H. and M.V. Cheatham, and was born in Callaway county, Missouri, April 30, 1844. At the age of 20 years Mr. Cheatham went to California, and in 1883 to Bentonville, Arkansas, but for the past eight years he has been a resident of Columbia. In 1877 Mr. Cheatham married Miss Maggie Beatty. The couple have six children: Sallie A., Lilburn L., Luther C., Wm. E., and M.B., now living, and one, Edna C., dead. Mr. Cheatham has been engaged in the stock business nearly all his life. For eighteen months he has had charge of the Columbia Hotel. He served four years in the Confederate army, is a Mason and a democrat. [See p. 49 for photo of J.O. Cheatham.]

EMMET C. CLINKSCALES, city marshal, was born in Carroll county, Missouri, March 12, 1858. He came to Boone county, however, at an early age. He has four five years served as city marshal. He is an unswerving democrat. Mr. Clinkscales is an honest man and a faithful officer. His personal and official record is excellent. On March 2, 1879, Mr. Clinkscales married Miss Mary Garth. They have four children. [See p. 49 for photo of E.C. Clinkscales.]

M.W. COFFEY, street commissioner, was born in Pike county, Illinois, February 24, 1843, removed to Randolph county, Missouri, in 1870, and to Columbia in 1875. He was appointed street commissioner by Mayor J.H. Guitar in 1892, and has made an efficient officer. He is married, has three children, is a member of the Methodist church and is, of course, a democrat. [See p. 28 for photo of M.W. Coffey.]

A.H. CONLEY was born 8 miles northeast of Columbia, June 9, 1838. For the last seven years he has been a resident of the city and engaged part of the time in mercantile pursuits. He is the son of John Conley, and was educated in the district schools and at the State University. Mr. Conley was a farmer until 1884. He served as public administrator in 1872. He is a stockholder in the Exchange National Bank, a democrat and a member of the Christian church. On February 19, 1890, Mr. Conley married miss Carrie Eubank,of Paris, Missouri. He was a gallant Confederate soldier during the late civil war, and possesses many cherished relics of that struggle. He enlisted I 1861 and served through the war with Generals Sterling Price and Kirby Smith. Mr. Conley was first lieutenant in Hartsville, Pleasant Hill and Jenkins’ Ferry, and in Price’s memorable raid. He was for eighteen months a paroled prisoner. Mr. Conley was a Shreveport, Louisiana, when the war ended, and has his parole issued by Gen. Canby’s Federal command. [See p. 49 for photo of A.H. Conley.]

J. WILL CONLEY, merchant, was born in Boone county, May 11, 1835, son of John Conley. The Conley family have always been or large importance in the progress and thrift of the community. Mr. Conley, on November 5, 1857, married Miss Annie Reed. They have seven children: Mollie B., Nettie, Minnie, Rosa, Gertie and Roy. Mr. Conley has served as township collector and school director. He taught school several years, and engaged in farming, and for the last two years has been merchandising in this city. He is a Mason, a democrat and a zealous member of the Christian church. [See p. 50 for photo of J.W. Conley.]

J.H. COONS, examiner of schools for the State University, was born in Shelbyville, this state, February 8, 1867, living there until the age of three years. Since that time his home has been in Marion county. Mr. Coons attended the University three years, graduating summa cum laude in 1890. He was then private tutor to the family of Gov. D.R. Francis until the expiration of the Governor’s official term. Mr. Coons studied law in the University of Virginia, then in the University of Missouri, and afterwards read law in the office of W.M. Boulware at Palmyra. He was admitted to the bar in April, 1894. He has been doing good work in his new position as the University’s examiner of schools, to which he was appointed last October. Mr. Coons is a member of the Christian church, a Mason and a democrat. There are few brighter young men in Missouri. [See p. 39 for photo of J.H. Coons.]

JOHN CRIST, merchant, was for thirty-five years contractor and builder, but for the past four years has been in the millinery business. He was born December 6, 1838, in Brown county, Ohio. He has resided in Knox and Cooper counties, Missouri. In 1872 Mr. Crist made his home in Columbia. He is a democrat and Knight of Pythias. On February 10, 1857, Mr. Crist married Miss Marie Ellis, of Knox county, Missouri. Five children have been born to them: Mrs. Mary Werner, Mrs. Susan Mosely, Mrs. Amanda Berkebile, George D. (Of Kansas City), and Fannie (died March 5, 1891.) [See p. 50 for photo of John Crist.]

LUTHER M. DEFOE, assistant professor of mathematics in the University of the State of Missouri, is one of the few native Missourians connected with that institution. He was born in Moniteau county, this state, and was educated at the Missouri University and Harvard. Prof. Defoe is not a member of any church, but attends the Episcopalian. He is married. Prof. Defoe is a young man of fine intellect, a hard student and a successful teacher. [See p. 40 for photo of L.M. Defoe.]

ALONZO T. DUNCAN, superintendent of the Columbia Planing Mill Company, has been, with the exception of four years in Illinois and St. Louis, a resident of his city since his birth here on November 18, 1845. He is the son of James and Margaret Duncan. He has been a contractor and builder since 1873, except two years, 1879 and 1880, when he was in the furniture business.   He was a member of the city council in 1883 and again in 1893. He is a democrat and a school director, a mason and a member of the Christian church. On June 30, 1875, Mr. Duncan married Miss Schraag.   They have four children: Rosa, Fred, Daisy and Helen. Hr. Duncan is one of the finest mechanics in Central Missouri. [See p. 50 for photo of A.T. Duncan.]

S.W. EARLY, of Centralia, was born in Monroe county, West Virginia, September 26, 1835. Mr. Early came with his parents to Callaway county, Missouri, in 1842. He farmed in Audrain county from 1855 to 1863, then engaged in merchandising in Mexico. From there he went to Centralia, March 4, 1868. Here his establishment was burned out in 1871. Since that time he has been in real estate, loan and insurance business. He is a leading member of the Christian church, a Mason and for ten years justice of the peace. Mr. Early is an enterprising, wideawake citizen. Few men in Boone county are more widely known or more generally liked. Mr. Early married Mrs. Ruth E. Leach, of Audrain county, on August 26, 1857. He has nine children living. [See p. 72 for photo of S.W. Early.]

AMBROSE J. ESTES, merchant, son of Joseph Estes, has been a farmer and stock trader, and though now a member of the firm of Hickam & Estes, hardware merchants, continues in that business. He was born in Boone county, January 23, 1862. On November 20, 1884, he married Miss Foster Denny. They have four children, Zannie May, Joseph M., James Denny and Ambrose, Jr. Mr. Estes is a wide-awake, progressive citizen, a democrat and a member of the Christian church. [See p. 50 for photo of A.J. Estes.]

EDWARD FARLEY, proprietor of the Columbia Marble Works, is a native of the Emerald Isle, and that beautiful land has sent to American few thriftier representatives. Mr. Farly was born near Grouse Hall, County Cavan, Ireland, December 22, 1832. Excepting the years from 1870 to 1879, when he resided in Saline county, Missouri, he has been a resident of Columbia since May, 1867. He has been in the marble business forty years, and understands every detail of it thoroughly. He is a Catholic and a democrat. On June 16, 1860, Mr. Farley married in Mexico Miss Mary Montgomery, of Iowa. To them six children were born: Henry, Frank, William, Lewis, Robert and John (deceased). Mr. Farley is one of sixteen children, the oldest now living in Ireland at 82 years of age, and the youngest in St. Louis, 51 years old. His father died at the age of 91 years. Mr. Farley has never tasted tobacco, whiskey or beer, and never fired gun or pistol. [See p. 50 for photo of Edward Farley.]

JAMES D. FAY, brickmaker and builder, was born in Orange county, New York, April 20, 1852. He came to Sedalia in 1865, and in 1867 went to Covington, Kentucky, where he attended school in the winter and laid brick in the summer. After an apprenticeship of three years he came to Columbia, and since 1870 has made this place his home. He has been an honest, hard-working citizen. Though a republican in politics, he has been honored with several offices and is now a member of the school board. He has the largest brick-making establishment in th county, and sends out a fine quality of brick. On October 16, 1873, Mr. Fay married Miss Henrietta Wingo, daughter of William Wingo. They have four children. Mr. Fay is a member of the Dirigimus Lodge, K. of P. [See p. 50 for photo of J.D. Fay.]

WALTER HOMAN FICKLIN, of the University Academy faculty, has made a specialty of the study of Anthropology and natural science. He is a son of the late Prof. Joseph Ficklin, and is a young man of much promise. He was born in Columbia, April 9, 1873, and will graduate from the State University with the degree of B.S. in 1895. He is a democrat and member of the Christian church. [See p. 44 for photo of W.H. Ficklin.]

GEORGE E. FLOOD, county surveyor, is the only surviving son of Rev. Noah and Jane L. (Ayers) Flood. He was born three miles north of Fulton, in Callaway county, Missouri, November 2, 1848. He graduated with degrees in science and agriculture from the University in 1873. In 1875 he began surveying as an assistant of county surveyor M.G. Quinn. Mr. Flood has followed this occupation ever since, and is regarded as a surveyor thoroughly competent and of inflexible honesty. In 1876 Mr. Flood was defeated for county surveyor. In 1878 he served as deputy under Surveyor T.H. Halley, of Callaway. In 1881 he received a diploma from the University in engineering, having studied specially surveying. Mr. Flood has served as deputy circuit clerk under W.W. Garth and J.W. Stone, as deputy surveyor under W.E. Wright, and as deputy collector under Ben M. Anderson. In 1888 he was elected county surveyor on the democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1892. In 1888 Mr. Flood married Miss Nannie R. Martin, of this county. They have thee children. Mr. Flood is a Baptist. [See p. 27 for photo of George E. Flood.]

JOHN TH. FYFER, real estate and fire insurance agent, has been nearly forty years a citizen of Columbia, honored for his integrity and business ability. He was born in Canada in 1835, and came to Columbia a the age of 21 years. For thirty-five years he was in the dry goods business in Columbia, and his name is indissolubly linked with Columbia merchandising. Mr. Fyfer has two children, Lizzie and J. Kirkbride. His wife died some years ago. Mr. Fyfer has been for twenty-four years Senior Warden, and treasurer fr thirty-five years, of the Episcopal Church, and for twenty-five years a Mason and Knight Templar, and now Eminent Commander. He has always been a democrat and never held or wanted office. Few men in Columbia are better-read than Mr. Fyfer, and few can write or talk more entertainingly. [See p. 51 for photo of J. Th. Fyfer.]

J.K. FYFER, formerly of the Columbia Telephone Exchange, is a son of J.Th. And L.J. Fyfer, and was born in Columbia, January 12, 1874. He graduated in 1894, in electrical engineering with the degree of B.S. Mr. Fyfer is an attendant at the Episcopal church and a charter member of Zeta Phi Chapter, Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He is a quiet, industrious and intelligent young gentleman, who promises to win high honors. [See p. 51 for photo of J.K. Fyfer.]

WALTER. W. GARTH, assistant cashier of the Exchange National Bank, was born in Columbia, January 27, 1848, his father, Jefferson Garth, being an esteemed pioneer citizen of this county. He attended Christian College, Stephens College, and the State University. In 1873 he was admitted to the bar. He is a staunch democrat and has filled with acceptability a number of public offices. He was for eight years, 1874 to 1881, circuit clerk and recorded of Boone county. He has been chairman of the city council and is now a member of that body. He was appointed to the office of probate judge in 1892 by Governor David R. Francis, and resigned to take his present position. Judge Garth is a bright Mason and has filled the highest offices in the Commandery, Chapter, and Blue Lodge. He is a member of the Society of the Sons of th Revolution, being a great-grandson of General William Russell of Virginia. Judge Garth is one of the most popular citizens of Columbia, with wide acquaintance and hosts of friends. On October 7, 1867, he married Miss Eva Samuel, daughter of the late John M. Samuel, a distinguished Columbian. They have four children: Jefferson H., W.W., Mary and Lucy. Judge Garth is a member of, and has a long time been a deacon in the Presbyterian church. [See p. 51 for photo of W.W. Garth.]

W.L. GARVER, clerk of works and local superintendent of construction on the new University buildings, was born at Martinsburg, West Virginia, June 5, 1867, and is therefore only twenty-seven years old. He spent his childhood years on the Kansas prairies, imbibing there the love of nature which has always possessed him. In 1880, he removed with this parents to Fulton, Missouri, where he attended the public schools. Later he attended Westminster College, having charge of the Telephone Exchange outside of school hours. Mr. Garver went to Nevada with his uncle Architect M.F. Bell, in 1885, and remained there as telephone manager four years. In 1889 he sought his fortune I Spokane, Washington, but, not finding it, journeyed down the Pacific coast. In 1890 he joined a party who were going to Sinaloa, on the western coast of Mexico, to build up a model commonwealth. The work was too hard and he returned to Nevada. During this Mexico trip he met some unusual people and got started on the study of occultism and subjects generally called mystic. He is still a tireless student along these lines. In 1892 he came to Columbia to look after the construction of the University buildings. Mr. Garver is a believer in astrology, psychic phenomena, clairovancy, and the ancient magic, and has met all eminent theosophists in the world. He has done literary work and has written a 380 page novel, entitled “Brother of the Third Degree,” which has been issued by the Arena Publishing Company, of Boston, and which embodies some o the results of his studies, his interpretation of life, philosophical concepts and ideas. He is not married. [See p. 67 for photo of W.L. Garver.]

DAVID TANDY GENTRY, principal of the Columbia public schools, is an energetic, progressive, able and faithful teacher. He was born in Clark county, Kentucky, November 24, 1852, and removed to Missouri in 1855. He was raised near Sturgeon, where his father, Rev. P.T. Gentry resides. Prof. Gentry entered Mt. Pleasant College in 1869, was graduated in 1874 with the degree of B.S. In September, 1874, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in his alma mater, which position he resigned in 1876. He married, in 1876, Miss M.E. Eubank, daughter of J.C. Eubank, of Boone county. From 1876 to 1878 Prof. Gentry resided in Los Angeles county, California. In the latter year he returned to Missouri, accepting the principalship of the Huntsville schools. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. He practiced law for five years in Mexico. In 1885 Prof. Gentry returned to teaching and took charge of the public school at Kirksville. He went from there to Hamilton, and two years ago accepted the position he now fills. Prof. and Mr. Gentry have four children. Three are living: Gertrude, James H., and J.T. Prof. Gentry is a democrat. [See p. 29 for photo of D.T. Gentry.]

JUDGE THOMAS BENTON GENTRY, whose name for years has been identified with Columbia as one of her leading citizens, is a native of the town, having been born here October 13, 1830. He graduated frm the University law department in 1874. Mr. Gentry has held various official positions that have demonstrated the confidence which his fellow citizens have placed in his integrity, fidelity and efficiency, a confidence never betrayed. He joined the Presbyterian church in 1850, and served as deacon form July 15, 1860, to May 31, 1863. He was then made an elder, holding this office until April 19, 1891, when he resigned. Mr. Gentry was assistant postmaster for eleven years, notary public for ten years, justice of the peace for ten years, resigning in 1877. He was treasurer of th State University from 1862 to 1867, trustee of Columbia for ten years, chairman of the board two terms, town recorder in 1868-‘69, first president of the Columbia school board, and for years superintendent of the Presbyterian Sunday School. Mr. Gentry is now president of the Columbia Cemetery Association, and has done much good work in the beautifying of the cemetery. Mr. Gentry was twelve years in the mercantile business in Columbia. In 1878 he came within a few votes of election to the office of county court judge. Mr. Gentry is a republican in politics. He has been twice married. On October 30, 1860, he married Miss Mary E. Todd, who dying September 15, 1892, he married Miss Eugenia Babb on September 21, 1893. He has two children: N.T. and W.R. Gentry. Mr. Gentry is a man of decisive character and intense convictions. During his long and honorable life in Columbia he has amassed considerable wealth, and is now retired from active mercantile business. Mr. Gentry is a grandson of Richard Gentry, who was a revolutionary soldier and private in the company of Captain John Miller in the regiment of Colonel Richardson. His grandfather was born in Albermarle county, Virginia, in September, 1763, and was at the surrender of Cornwallis. This Richard Gentry was a son of David Gentry, a British soldier who came from England and served in the Continental army in th war against the French and Indians about the year 1750. After the close of the revolutionary war, Judge Gentry’s grandfather removed from Virginia to Madison county, Kentucky, and raised a family of nineteen children, dying in 1843 at the age of 80 years. Judge Gentry’s father was also Richard Gentry, one of the 19 children mentioned, and was a soldier of the war of 1812 and later of the Blackhawk war, and still late of the Florida war, and was killed at the battle of Okeechobee with the Seminoles on December 25, 1837. [See p. 51 for photo of T.B. Gentry.]

NORTH TODD GENTRY, L.B., LL.B., lawyer, son of Thomas B. and Mary E. Gentry, is a native of Columbia. He was born here March 2, 1866. Graduated from the University academic department and in surveying in 1886, and law department in 1888. Mr. Gentry is an elder in the Presbyterian church, and was commissioner to the General Assembly at Macon, George, in May, 1893. He is mildly republican and has never been a candidate for political office, though often solicited to run. Mr. Gentry has been superintendent of the Presbyterian Sunday School for six years. Few young men in Columbia stand higher in the good opinion of the community as lawyer and citizen. Mr. Gentry has ability, energy, prudence and integrity-qualities that made for success. He is not married. [See p. 34 for photo of N.T. Gentry.]

WILLIAM RICHARD GENTRY, assistant professor of modern languages at the University of the State of Missouri, is one of Columbia’s brightest and most popular young gentlemen. Born in this city, September 28, 1869, he was educated at the State University, taking B.L. degree there in 1891. He then took post-graduate course in the University of Paris and the University of Berlin. He has also visited Frances, Germany and Mexico, for the purpose of perfecting himself in the languages of these countries that he might be better fitted for teaching. He has much ability as an instructor and is doing good work in his present position. Prof. Gentry is in politics a republican. He is an active worker, member of the Presbyterian church, ex-president of the Boone county Christian Endeavor Union, and vice-president of the state organization. Prof. Gentry is a son of Thos. B. Gentry of Columbia, and is not married. [See p. 40 for photo of W.R. Gentry.]

FRANK A. GERLING, the enterprising young merchant, is a son of Frank and Pauline Gerling, and was born in Germany, May 16, 1868. He came to Columbia with his parents in March, 1880. On October 16, 1894, Mr. Gerling married C.A. Horning. He has been for nine years baker and confectioner, and built up a large business. Mr. Gerling is a Knight of Pythias. He is secretary and treasurer of the financial committee of the Catholic church. [See p. 52 for photo of F.A. Gerling.]

HENRY J. GERLING, principal of the Columbia High School, is one of the brightest young men in Missouri. He is the son of F. and P. Gerling of this city, and was educated at the Christian Brothers College, St. Louis, and the State university. At the University he graduated with the degrees of B.L., L.L.B., Pe.B. He was elected, in 1891, tutor in the department of modern languages in the University. In 1894, he accepted his present position. Mr. Gerling was born in St. Louis county, Missouri, February 20, 1870. He is not married. [See p. 29 for photo of H.J. Gerling.]

WILLIAM A. GOODDING, collector of the revenue of Boone county, is one of the most prominent and successful democratic politicians. He was born in Randolph county, Missouri, October 26, 1846; was educated in Mt. Pleasant College and Kirksville Normal School, and, after some years in Macon county, came to Boone October 20, 1872. Here he has since made his home. In 1882 Mr Goodding was elected sheriff, and again in 1884. In 1890 he was appointed collector to succeed Ben M. Anderson, resigned. He was elected collector in 1890, and re-elected in 1892. Mr. Goodding has been six years a member of the city council and six years a member of the school board, of which last named body he is now chairman. Mr. Goodding is a member of the Columbia Baptist church. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, and member of the A.O.U.W. and K.O.T.M. On Christmas day, 1873, he married Miss Martha E. Berry. Eight children were born to them, six of whom are now living: Nettie E., Lena, Charles W., James Watson, Carroll and Ruth. [See p. 52 for photo of W.A. Goodding.]

CAREY H. GORDON, lawyer, is a son of John B. Gordon. Mr. Gordon was born in Columbia, June 10, 1844, and was educated at the University. He served for three years in Company B., 9th Missouri State Militia, during the civil war. In 1872 he began the practice of law in Columbia and has always stood in the front rank of Boone county lawyers. He has served Boone county efficiently as prosecuting attorney and has always dealt honestly with the county and his clients. He married in 1876, Miss Julie Long, of Bridgeton, St. Louis county. They have seven children. A fine group picture of the family, who are remarkable singers, is given on this page. Mr. Gordon resides at Maple Heights, an excellent far two miles east of Columbia. He is a member of the Christian church. His wife is a Baptist. Mr. Gordon is a democrat and a man of sterling integrity. [See p. 75 for photo of C.H. Gordon and his family as the “Maple Heights Glee Club” plus a photo of son M. McDowell Gordon.]

DAVID GORDON, deceased, was one of Boone county’s pioneers. The Gordon family has always been prominent in the County’s history. In 1826 David Gordon, a native of North Carolina, but for long years a resident of Kentucky, moved to Missouri and made his home in Boone county. David Gordon had amassed considerable wealth in Madison county, Ky. There he married Miss Jane Boyle, sister of Chief Justice John Boyle. There his distinguished son, John Boyle Gordon, was born. David Gordon’s old homestead, where he located nearly seventy years ago, is the present property of Scott D. Gordon. Two admirable photographs of the old place, now called Fairmont, are presented in this book.

JOHN BOYLE GORDON, studied law under the greatest minds in Kentucky. There he married Miss Sophia, daughter of Nicholas Hawkins, a prosperous Madison county farmer, and entered upon the practice of his profession. Upon his removal to Missouri he easily took a place at the head of the bar in the state. He was elected to the legislature as a whig half a dozen times, defeating Austin A. King, his law partner, afterwards governor of the state. To the eloquence of John B. Gordon is largely due the enthusiasm created in Boone county which occasioned the raising of the contribution which brought the State university to Columbia. From 1840 to 1843 Mr. Gordon was a citizen of his old home in Kentucky and there had for a student in his office, Samuel Miller, Afterwards Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Returning to Columbia Mr. Gordon gradually withdrew from the practice of law in which he had achieved such remarkable and deserved renown. He died February 13, 1855, on the farm east of Columbia, now owned by his son, Carey H. Gordon, and called Maple Heights. John B. Gordon had five children: Mrs. R.H. Clinkscales, Mrs. Owen Root, Boyle, Wellington and Carey H.

SCOTT D. GORDON, farmer and stock man, is a son of Judge David Gordon, Jr., a prominent lawyer, brother of John B. His home is the original homestead of the Gordon family and its name “Fairmont” hints at its delightful location and fine view. Mr. Gordon is an enterprising, progressive citizen, who has been quite successful in handling fine stock. He is widely and favorably known. On his farm are unknown quantities of coal and building stone. Its admirable situation makes it probable that the Gordon homestead will ere long become town lots whereupon many Columbia people will find charming homes. [See p. 74 for photo of Scott D. Gordon.]

WELLINGTON GORDON, lawyer, son of John B. Gordon, was born in Columbia January 31, 1838. His mother was a woman of exemplary piety, and superior worth, and the success of her family has been largely due to her Christian influence. Wellington Gordon was educated at the Missouri State University. When a boy he served as deputy circuit clerk in the office of R.L. Todd, after which he studied law in the office of his brother Boyle, who had already reached distinction at the western bar. He completed his course of reading in 1859, and was admitted to the bar, after which he opened an office in Kansas City. In the course of two years his health failed and he returned to Columbia to recuperate. After his recovery he entered the office of Guitar & Gordon. In 1866 he was appointed and later elected county attorney, which place he filled for several terms satisfactorily. Since that time he has devoted his talents to a lucrative practice, in conjunction with his brother Carey H. Gordon. He was married December 13, 1866, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Miss Laura Amonett, a lady of superior attainments, whose father, Judge James I. Amonett, was prior to his removal to Memphis, a leading lawyer in Louisiana. Mr. Gordon’s family numbers eight living children: Kate, now Mrs. Geo. C. Shiels, of Denver, Colorado, Reverdy J., Fleetwood, Ida Root, Martha Laura, Sophia and John Harold. In politics Mr. Gordon is a staunch democrat. He is a member of the K. of P. He is recognized throughout Central Missouri as one of the ablest advocates and best posted attorneys. [See p. 74 for photo of Wellington Gordon.]

R.S. GRADY, of Midway, postmaster and merchant, was born in Howard county, Missouri, June 30, 1855. His parents came from Virginia in an early day and settled near Glasgow. His father, William Grady, was a prosperous farmer and tobacco merchant and lived on the same farm he entered up to the time of his death which occurred in 1885. His mother is still living, aged 78 years. Mr. Grady is the youngest of a family of eleven children. He married Miss Alice Preston, of Fayette, March 27, 1883. Mr. and Mrs. Grady have three children: Sidney, Rosalie and Robert C. (Deceased). Mr. Grady lived on his Howard county farm until 1891 when he engaged in the mercantile business at Midway. He has been postmaster since September 13, 1893, and has made many friends. Both as an officer and a merchant he has given the utmost satisfaction to the prosperous and intelligent community around Midway. [See p. 77 for photo of R.S. Grady.]

OMAR D. GRAY, editor of the Sturgeon Leader, was born in Sturgeon, May 17, 1869. He learned the printer’s trade in the office of the Louisiana (Missouri) Press, and is a first-rate compositor as well as an indefatigable news-gatherer, a splendid solicitor and fine business manager. He bought the Sturgeon Leader August 20, 1888, and has made it a better paper ever since. He established the Hallsville Hustler October 11, 1894. Mr. Gray is a general favorite with his contemporaries, has been several times a delegate to the National Editorial Association and is now president of the Northeast Missouri Press Association. Though a democrat, he never held any office, except bank director, and never expects to. He is not yet married. [See p. 38 for photo of O.D. Gray.]

LEOPOLD GROSSMAN, the leading citizen of Rocheport, though 78 years old is still an active business man. He was born in Baden, Germany, November 15, 1817. Mr. Grossman became a miller and baker in early life, and worked at these occupations in various European cities. He came to American in 1840, and to Rocheport in 1844. Of this place he has since been a prominent citizen, and no man in that town is better known. He has been baker, miller, druggist, merchant and capitalist. He built the Rocheport roller mills, is stockholder in the Rocheport ferry company, owns property in Arrow Rock and a fine farm near Rocheport, and is a stockholder in the Rocheport bank. He has done more than any other man to build up the business interests of Rocheport. He was mayor of the town ten years. On August 14, 1842, he married Miss Malinda Wakely, of St. Charles. They have four children living: Mrs. W.E. Evans, of Boonville, Mrs. E.H. Chinn of Rocheport, Houston and Eliza. [See p. 73 for photo of L. Grossman.]

DAVID GUITAR, farmer, is a native of Richmond, Madison county, Kentucky, where he was born May 1, 1827. His father, John Guitar, was a native of France, coming to America in 1819. John Guitar and his family came to Columbia, Missouri, in 1829. Here David Guitar has since resided, a citizen of sterling integrity, of vigorous views and of active life. He was among the first students of the State University. He served a year in the war with Mexico. In 1849 he went overland to California, remaining there three years. Returning to Columbia he engaged in the mercantile business under the firm name of Baker & Guitar. After seven years he sold his interest to his partner, J.F. Baker, and in the spring of 1860 bought the fertile farm two miles northeast of Columbia where he yet resides. During the civil war he served in the Union army as captain. From 1860 to 1876 Capt. Guitar was in the milling business in Columbia. Capt. Guitar married, October 25, 1854, Miss Harriet Herndon, a daughter of Fleetwood Herndon, native of Fredericksburg, Va. To them were born ten children, eight now living: J.H., D.G., Bessie, Mattie, Hattie, William, Edward and John. Capt. Guitar is an outspoken democrat and one of the most energetic men in Boone county. The portrait o him taken years ago will be of special interest. Besides farming he is a director in the Boone County National Bank and interest in many other enterprises. [See p. 69 for photo of David Guitar.]

DAVID G. GUITAR, book-keeper and ass’t sup’t of the Boone County Milling Co., is the son of Capt. David and Harriet Guitar, of this county. Withe the exception of three years—1890-‘93—passed in Waco, Texas, he has been a resident of Columbia since his birth. He was educated at the State University. His marked courtesy and cleverness have made him a successful business man. He was formerly a member of the W.B. Nowell Grocery Company, and more recently of Stevenson & Guitar. He is single a democrat, and a Knight of Pythias. [See p. 52 for photo of D.G. Guitar.]

JAMES H. GUITAR, mayor of Columbia, was born April 17, 1859, in Boone county, and is the son of Capt. David Guitar. Mr. Guitar married Miss Sallie Young, daughter of Dr. Young. They have three children. Mr. Guitar has been engaged in the livery, feed and sale stable business, and has been quite successful. He has bought and sold a great number of horses and mules. Mr. Guitar is a progressive citizen, and was elected mayor of Columbia upon the democratic ticket four years ago, the first mayor since the re-organization of the city government. In 1894 he won the democratic nomination over two strong competitors for treasurer of Boone county, and was elected the following November without opposition. He promises to make an excellent official. [See p. 28 for photo of James H. Guitar .]

A.E. HACKETT, director Missouri weather service, has been a resident of Columbia since February, 1894, and has made a faithful, efficient and courteous official. New York is Mr. Hackett’s native state, and Moira his native town. Here he was born April 11, 1866. Mr. Hackett was an apprentice in a Michigan newspaper office in 1881. He went to Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1884, and entered the regular army of the United States as a private in company #, 22n infantry. He was made corporal in 1886, sergeant in 1887, and in 1888 removed with his regiment to Ft. Totten, North Dakota. In July, 1889, Mr. Hackett re-enlisted in the United States signal corps, and was assigned t duty at St. Paul, Minnesota. He has since been stationed in Grand Haven, Mich., Ft. Custer, Mont., (during the Sioux war), in Denver, Colo., in Nashville, Tenn., Montgomery, Ala., Manitee, Mich., and Springfield, Mo. Mr. Hackett is regarded as one of the most proficient observers in the service. He married, January 23, 1890, Miss Eva G. Hackett, of Keeler, Mich. They have one child, Harold, three years old. [See p. 68 for photo of A.E. Hackett.]

JAMES CLINTON HALL, assessor of Boone county, is a native of the county. His father, Daniel Hall, was born in Kentucky and his mother in Missouri. He lived on a farm until 18 years of age, and then attended McGee College three years. He contemplated the study of law, but began teaching in Hallsville and continued there eight years. He was for four years superintendent fo the Columbia public schools and of the Centralia schools for four years. During his sixteen years’ service as teacher, he was constantly president or secretary of the teachers’ institute. Mr. Hall was county superintendent three terms. His health having failed, he bought a farm east of Hallsville, in Rockyfork township, and traded in mules. In 1873 he married Miss Genevra R. Pollard, daughter of James P. Pollard, of Hallsville, They have four living children: Omar W., Willis Pollard, James R. And Lucy Maud. One daughter, Rosa Mabel, died October 6, 1884, aged four years. Mr. And Mrs. Hall are members of the Columbia Christian church. Mr. Hall is a member of the A.O.U.W. and the Triple Alliance. He was elected assessor of Boone county on the democratic ticket in 1890, re-elected in 1892, and again in 1894. He has made seven campaigns for office in Boone county and won in six. In 1892, Mr. Hall sold his farm east of Hallsville and bought the Boulton farm, 2 1-2 miles north of Columbia, one of the best in the county. Mr. Hall comes of a family that has done much to build up Boone county, and is a fine representative of an honored name. [See p. 27 for photo of James C. Hall.]

JOSIAH HALL, of Hallsville, was born in Paris, Monroe county, Missouri, July 31, 1835. His parents lived in Paris until Josiah was a year old. They then moved on a farm near New Bloomfield, Callaway county. Here he lived until he was 21 years old. He received only a common school education, attending school but three months in the years. After arriving at the age of 21 years he came to Boone county. He engaged in wagon-making near Hallsville with his uncle Kincade Caldwell. After eighteen months service he bought out his uncle’s establishment. On January 14, 1858, he married Miss Charlotte Roberts. Mr. Halls’s father came to Missouri from Kentucky in 1819, his mother from North Carolina in 1833. Mr. Hall has lived on a farm the most of his life. While he has not accumulated a great amount of wealth he has prospered moderately, has entertained his friends hospitably and given liberally to all worthy causes. He is an honest man, respected and esteemed everywhere. Mr. Hall united with the Southern Methodist church in his fifteenth year, and has always been a loyal, zealous worker. For twenty-five years he served as steward and has only missed one quarterly meeting during all this time. The first vote Mr. Hall ever cast was in Hallsville for the democratic party and he has never wavered in his allegiance. Mr. Hall has served fourteen years as justice of the peace in Rocky Fork township. There have been only three appeals from his court and his decision has never been reversed. Mr. Hall was a candidate for the democratic nomination for county judge in 1894 and only defeated by a few votes. [See p. 79 for photo of Josiah Hall.]

GEORGE W. HARRELL, SR., merchant tailor, was born in Morton county, North Carolina, November 27, 1827, removing to Columbia, Missouri, in 1868. On March 22, 1849, Mr. Harrell married Martha R. Biller, of North Carolina. Four children were born of this union: George L., Annie D., William D., and Lula all now dead. His wife dying June 11, 1861, he married Mrs. Julia A. Harris of Petersburg, Virginia. They have one son, George W. Jr. Hr. Harrell was a member of the city council of Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1868. He has been a Methodist since August, 1855. He is a democrat. Mr. Harrell has been in the tailoring business since 1843, and the popularity of his establishment in the Music Hall building demonstrates his proficiency. [See p. 52 for photo of G.W. Harrell Sr..]

GEORGE W. HARRELL, JR., merchant tailor, was born in Greensboro, North Carolina, May 17, 1867, but since 1868 has resided in Columbia. He is a son of George W. Harrell, and is associated with his father in business. Mr. Harrell served six years as an apprentice, graduating from the John J. Mitchell & Co. garment cutting school of New York. He is an artistic and rapid workman. Mr. Harrell is a steward in the Souther Methodist church, and, politically, a democrat. He married Miss Bessie Sewell, November 30, 1892. They have one child, Charles Sewell. [See p. 52 for photo of G.W. Harrell, Jr..]

HERMAN FERMAIN HARRIS, teacher of Latin and Greek in the University Academy, was born in Crystal City, Jefferson county, Missouri, August 4, 1871. He is a son of A.F. Harris, a native of the island of Guernsey, soldier and sailor, member of the Royal Guernsey Militia. The other side of the house is of Virginia and Kentucky ancestry. He was educated at the State University, taking the A.B. and Pe.B. degrees in 1894. Mr. Harris has been a resident of Columbia since 1887. Few young men are more universally esteemed and none has a more promising future. He is an active worker in the Presbyterian church, and a diligent student. [See p. 44 for photo of H.F. Harris.]

JOHN S. HARRIS, cashier of the Ashland bank, was born on a Boone county farm in 1854. He has been an active, industrious, honorable citizen. Since the age of 15 years he has been an earnest, consistent member of the Baptist church. He married, in 1889, Miss Sallie H. Hall of Salem, New Jersey. They have one daughter and one son. Mr. Harris has been cashier of the Ashland bank since its organization ten years ago and is a progressive, public-spirited business man. Such men are an honor to any town. Mr. Harris is a staunch democrat, though not an office-hunter. [See p. 72 for photo of J.S. Harris.]

W.E. HARSHE, merchant, was born in Monongehala City, Pennsylvania, September 16, 1847. In 1859 he removed to Louisiana, Missouri, in 1865 to St. Louis, and in January, 1894, became a dealer in books and stationery in Columbia. In this business he has, by his enterprise and fair dealing, been most successful, and his attractive store is one of the institutions of which the town in proud. Mr. Harshe was a commercial traveler for twenty-three years—seventeen years for one house, R.D. Patterson & Co., of St. Louis. He was for five years a member of the board of trustees of North Missouri Institute, at Salisbury. On September 5, 1877, he married Miss Emma Robinson, of Salisbury. They have one child, Robert. Mr. Harshe is a Baptist and a democrat. [See p. 53 for photo of W.E. Harshe.]

REV. GREENE WAGGENER HATCHER, pastor of the Columbia Baptist church, is a minister of high character, ability and force. He has done a good work in Columbia and won many devoted friends. Mr. Hatcher was born in Greene county, Kentucky, August 5, 1846, and came to Missouri in March, 1870. He was married in Kentucky in1873. Mr. Hatcher was ordained to the ministry in April, 1872. He preached in Carroll county, Missouri, until 1878. He then went to Miami, Saline county, serving that church five years. He then went to Carrollton, where he preached six years, and afterward to Kansas City for four years. For the past two years, Mr. Hatcher has preached to the Columbia church. Since his ordination, he has preached 3,860 sermons, baptized 669 persons, and married 219 couples. [See p. 30 for photo of Rev. G.W. Hatcher.]

BERNARD E. HATTON, merchant, is the son of T.J. and M.A. Hatton, of England, and was born in St. Louis on August 27, 1863. He removed to Columbia in 1880. Here he married, on October 15, 1885, Miss Carey L. Tillery. They have one child, Edward B., three years old. Mr. Hatton has been in the wall paper business in Columbia twelve years. He is now manager of Haden Opera House. He is a Catholic and a prohibition democrat. [See p. 52 for photo of B.E. Hatton. And see p. 9 for photo of son Edward B. Hatton.]

COL. J.J. HICKMAN, Past Grand Templar of the Independent Order of Good Templars of the World, was born May 26, 1839, in Lexington, Kentucky, the son of the distinguished James L. Hickman of that state. At the age of 19 years he married Miss Lizzie Hollingsworth. He studied law and medicine, managed a successful life insurance company, but since 1867 his chief work has been that of preaching temperance. He has delivered temperance addresses in every state in the Union, and in nearly every country in the world. He has been elected unanimously and repeatedly to the highest offices n the temperance organizations. His oratory is singularly attractive and his manner persuasive and effective. No citizen of Columbia has a wider acquaintance among reformers, none has traveled more widely. Col Hickman counts Columbia his home but travels frequently and spends his winters upon his orange plantation in Florida. Col. and Mrs. Hickman have two sons: James K., of Florida, and Newton H., of Columbia. Col. Hickman is member of the Columbia Baptist church. [See p. 53 for photo of J.J. Hickman.]

FREDERICK CHARLES HICKS, B.A., Ph.D, professor of political economy in the University fo the State of Missouri, has proven one of the most valuable accessions to the teaching force of that institution. He is cultured, progressive and courteous, and has stamped his individuality upon the department of which he is the able head. He is the son of Rev. H.W. Hicks, of the Methodist church, and was born in Michigan, January 1, 1863. Dr. Hicks was educated at the University of Michigan, taking the degree of B.A. in 1886, and Ph.D. in 1890. He taught in Michigan public schools in 1881 and 1882 , at La Porte, Indiana, 1886 and 1888. In 1890 he was a special collector of shipping statistics for the eleventh United States census. From 1890 to 1892 Dr. Hicks was instructor in political economy in the University of Michigan. Elected to the chair of history and political economy in December, 1891, he entered upon his work here n February, 1892. Dr. Hicks is a member of the American Economic Association, the Political Science Association of the Mississippi Valley, the American Statistical Association, the British Economic Association, the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, and the Episcopal church. In September, 1890, he married Miss Sheldon, of Chicago, a Wellesley graduate and a most gifted woman. They have one child, a son three years old, Louis Lowell. [See p. 43 for photo of F.C. Hicks; and see p. 4 for photo of Lewis Lowell Hicks.]

JOSEPH E. HIGBEE, manager of the Goss & Glenn Clothing Company, has been a resident of Columbia about two years. During that time he has established a reputation for business capacity, honest and geniality that might be envied by older citizens. Mr. Higbee is a native of Hannibal, Missouri. There he was born February 12, 1858, and attended school. He removed to Schell City, Missouri, in 1881, and was in the clothing business there twelve years. While in Schell City Mr. Higbee married Miss Bettie Gash, November 14, 1883. He is a democrat. Mr. Higbee came to Columbia in February, 1893, as manager and stockholder of the Goss & Glenn Clothing Company, one of he largest concerns in the Southwest. [See p. 54 for photo of J.E. Higbee.]

EDWARD W. HINTON, of the firm of Turner, Hinton & turner, lawyers, is a son of the lat e Judge John Hinton, one of the best beloved citizens of Boone county. He was born in Rocheport, November 29, 1868, educated at the State University and Columbia College, new York, receiving the degree of L.L.B. from each institution. On July 15, 1891, her married Miss Mary Hood Turner, daughter of Col. Squire Turner. They have two children. Mr. Hinton has been a law partner of Col. Turner four years. He is an indefatigable student, of bright mind, and there are few more gifted young lawyers than he. Mr. Hinton is a democrat and a member of the Phi Delta Phi and Phi Delta Theta fraternities. [See p. 34 for photo of E.W. Hinton, and see p. 5 for photo of Katharine Hinton, suspected to be the daughter of E.W. Hinton.]

WALTER F. HODGE, circuit clerk and recorder of Boone county, a most obliging officer and genial gentleman, was born in Montgomery county, Kentucky, November 16, 1844. He came to Boone county in 1857. He was two years deputy collector, four years in the office of the county clerk, eight years deputy circuit clerk, and is now serving his second term as circuit clerk. He is a stalwart democrat and an honest man. Mr. Hodge married, on December 23, 1890, Miss M.E. Douglass, of Columbia. He is a member of the Christian church and the A.O.U.W. Mr. Hodge is known in every school district in Boone county, and his popularity is shown by his unopposed re-election to the office he holds. [See p. 26 for photo of Walter F. Hodge.]

C.C. HOPPER, merchant, is a son of James E. and Mary Hopper, and was born in Boone county, November 13, 1842. He was educated in the common schools and farmed until he was 32 years of age. He has been a groceryman in Columbia twenty years, and, by strict attention to business, has built up a large and increasing trade. He is a Maccabee, a member of the Triple Alliance and Treasurer of the local lodge. In politics Mr. Hopper is a democrat. In religion he is a staunch Methodist, and for twenty-five years has held official position in the church. He is now steward. On October 20, 1862, Mr. Hopper married Miss Annie Grooms. [See p. 54 for photo of C.C. Hopper.]

W.W. HORNBERGER, merchant, is a Buckeye. He was born in Stark county, O., August 21, 1846. When 12 years of age he moved to Waterloo, Indiana. After his father’s death he was a resident of Chicago for three years. He lived in St. Paul and Minneapolis for two years, and in St. Louis for eighteen months. For the last eighteen year, however, he has been a citizen of Columbia. He is doing a successful business in plumbing, steam-fitting and kindred lines. His shop, located in Music Hall building, on Ninth street, is always a busy one. [See p. 54 for photo of W.W. Hornberger.]

JOHN P. HORNER, real estate agent, is a native Missourian, born April 10, 1830, in Howard county. His father moved from Richmond, Virginia, to Missouri, in1819. Since 1852 Mr. Horner has resided in Boone county. He has always been a democrat. His first vote for president was for James K. Polk, in 1844. Mr. Horner was a candidate for representative in 1860, but was beaten 55 votes by James Gordon, whig. He was defeated for county clerk by Capt. H.N. Cook at a time when few democrats were allowed to vote. Mr. Horner has been for many years actively connected with the business, political and social life of Boone county, and is well and favorably known throughout the state. He has been nearly 60 years a member of the Methodist church. Mr. Horner is a widower. [See p. 53 for photo of J.P. Horner.]

ELD. J.C. HOWELL, pastor of the Christian church at Centralia, and editor of the Christian Worker, was born in Hardin county, Kentucky, June 4, 1851. His father was born in Abingdon, Virginia, but was raised in Hawkins county, East Tennessee, where he was married to Sarah C. McKirgan, an Irish lady of splendid ability and great religious conviction. Early in their married life they emigrated to Kentucky. They were the parents of eleven children of whom J.C. is the youngest. At the age of 16 he was sent to Weston, Platte county, Missouri, to complete his education. After remaining in Missouri three years he returned to his native state and in the spring of 1870 married Miss Laura B. Doran. He was hardly twenty and she but sixteen years of age. He the followed farming until the fall of 1882 when at the urgent solicitation of many friends he began preaching. In September, 1884, he received and accepted a call to become the pastor of the Christian church at Weston, the scene of his former school days. In 1887 he was chosen evangelist of the 4th missionary district, embracing Platte, Clay, Clinton and Buchanan counties. He resigned that work and under the direction of th state board, located at Excelsior Springs, in Clay county, and succeeded in organizing a congregation and building a beautiful church edifice, having a membership of 219. He resigned that work to accept a call from the church at Richmond, Ray county, Missouri, where he remained as pastor nearly four years. This work he laid down of his on accord. The years 1893 he spent in preaching for the church at Norborne, Carroll county, and Rocheport, Boone county. In January, 1894, he was called as pastor at Centralia, where in less than one year he has added 101 persons to the church. In 19 years in Missouri over two thousand persons have been brought into the church by his labors. His family consists of six children: Lizzie, William, belle, Ollie and Ruby and Maud (deceased). Mr. Howell is a vigorous, energetic, fearless preacher and his ministrations have resulted in much good. [See p. 79 for photo of J.C. Howell.]

F.D. HUBBELL, of the Hubbell Dry Goods Co., is one of the safest and most successful young merchants in Columbia. He is a native of Ray county, Missouri, where he was born May 1, 1863. He has lived I Columbia since 1867, his father, John P. Hubbell, being one of our most substantial citizens. Mr. Hubbell was educated at the State university. He has been in the dry goods business fourteen years. He is a member of the Christian church, of the board of directors of the Columbia Cemetery Association and of the board of trustees of Christian College. He is a Knight of Pythias and Knight Templar, and an officer in all three Masonic bodies. Mr. Hubbell is an active partisan democrat. He married, in 1894, Miss Susie Curtis, of Fulton. [See p. 53 for photo of F.D. Hubbell.]

BENJAMIN B. HUNT, merchant and postmaster at Huntsdale, a new town on the M.K. & T. Railroad, is the son of W.B. Hunt and is a native of Boone county. He belongs to a family that has done much to make this county prosperous and that has been prominent in public affairs. Mr. Hunt is owner of one of the largest general stores in the county and is interested in other enterprises. He is about 35 years old and married. Mr. Hunt is one of the most enterprising citizens of the county. [See p. 79 for photo of B.B. Hunt.]

HENRY JENKINS, representative of Boone county in the Thirty-Eighth General Assembly of Missouri, is holding the only office he ever asked for and is reflecting credit upon the democratic constituency that elected him. Mr. Jenkins is a man of sterling honesty, of thoughtful and earnest views upon public questions. He is a farmer, living in Cedar township. His postoffice is Ashland. He was born September 9, 1854. His father was a Kentuckian and his mother a Virginian. Mr. Jenkins was educated in the common schools. He has been for fourteen years a member of the Baptist church. He was four years secretary of the Farmers & Laborers Union of Boone county and for one year state secretary of the Triple Alliance. [See p. 25 for photo of Henry Jenkins.]

RICHARD HENRY JESSE, president of the University of the State of Missouri, was born I 1853, in Virginia, on the old Ball farm, the home of Washington’s mother. He was educated at Hanover Academy, the oldest and best preparatory school in Virginia, and graduated with distinction at the famous University of Virginia. He was for two years the principal of a high school in Princess Anne, Maryland. For thirteen years previous to coming to Columbia he had been connected with Tulane University, New Orleans. When the University of Louisiana desired a dean of the academic department and chairman of the faculty, Dr. Jesse was selected. His work in this arduous position won him much praise, and was the means of much good to the University. He had to look after the legislature, city council and politicians generally, watch the affairs of the institution, and to rescue it from the desperate strait in which it was when he took the helm. This he did with signal success, and when Tulane University and the University of Louisiana were consolidated, eh was unanimously elected to a most important chair in the reorganized institution, that of senior professor of Latin. This position he held, at a salary of $3,000 a year, until June, 1891, when he entered upon the duties of his present office, of which he was unanimously elected in December, 1890. Politically Dr. Jesse is a Jeffersonian democrat, though not an active partisan. In religion he is an open communion Baptist, but not bigoted or sectarian. He is a man of liberality, scholarship, excellent ability and marked individuality. He married in Princess Anne county, Maryland, in July, 1872, Miss Addie Polk, a most estimable woman, a member of the Presbyterian church. They have six children. Dr. Jesse is the seventh president of the University During his administration has occurred the great fire and the greater growth which has made a splendid new university on the site of the old. The state of Missouri, since he was elected as president, has given more money to higher education than has ever been given in the same length of time by any other state institution. Though attacked and criticised [sic] as all men are in public place, he has made an excellent record in his high office, and won the confidence and esteem of those who know him best. [See p. 39 for photo of President R.H. Jesse.]

DR. WM. JEWELL, who died in Liberty, Missouri, August 7, 1852, aged 64 years, will long be held in grateful remembrance in Boone county. Because of his enterprise, foresight and liberality the beautiful street of Broadway in Columbia was improved and the first church edifice erected. He gave $10,000 to the Missouri Baptists in 1849 to establish a college for young men. To this college, afterwards located at Liberty, and named in his honor, he gave subsequent large donations. [See p. 10 for image of Dr. William Jewell.]

WILLIAM S. JOHNSTON, superintendent of the Farmers’ Milling Company, manufacturers of high-grade patent flour, is one of the best men in Columbia, industrious, conscientious, courteous. He was a farmer up [to] the time he entered the milling business. The son of Jacob S. And Pauline Johnston, he was born in this county, February 17, 1847. He married Miss Annie E. Tandy on October 8, 1878. To them five children have been born: Leila, Mary, Margaret, Lucile and William. Mr. Johnston was four years a member of the city council and for two years its chairman. He [is] the present mayor. He is a democrat and is deacon in the Baptist church. [See p. 54 for photo of W.S. Johnston. And see p. 4 for photo of William S. Johnston, Jr.]

JOHN CARLETON JONES, professor of Latin in the University of Missouri, is a Kentuckian by birth and 39 years of age. He was prepared fo college in Frankfort. He came to Missouri in 1874, graduated from Westminster college of Fulton in 1879, and was tutor in Latin and Greek two years prior to graduation. He was professor of Latin in Westminster college until 1882. He spent 1882-‘83 in post-graduate study at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Prof. Jones came to the Missouri University in 1883, as assistant professor of languages. In 1890 he was made professor of comparative philology, and in 1891 was chosen to his present position, succeeding the late Dr. M.M. Fisher. In 1891 Prof. Jones was made a member of the American Philological Association. He is a gifted student and an accomplished teacher. Prof. Jones married Miss Clara Thompson, of Columbia. They are the parents of three children. [See p. 41 for photo of J.C. Jones.]

WILLIAM THOMAS JONES, editor of the M.S.U. Tiger, a weekly newspaper issued by University students, was born on a farm near Humphreys, Sullivan county, Missouri, August 13, 1864. Mr. Jones was assistant cashier of a bank and editor of a newspaper each one year before entering the University. He was editor of the University Argus the last semester of last year. He is a member of the junior class of the University, belongs to the Bet Theta Pi fraternity and is a member of the Christian church. [See p. 37 for photo of W.T. Jones.]

JAMES P. KENNARD, bookkeeper for the Farmer’s Milling Company, was born in Boone county, November 16, 1845, and was educated at the State University. He married Miss Maggie Northcutt May 26, 1872. They have six children, Minnie, W.E., Jeff. D., Robt. O., James O. and Hattie. Mr. Kennard is a popular citizen, a Methodist church trustee and has for several years held his present position. He is a democrat, the son of Jesse and Rachel Kennard. [See p. 54 for photo of J.P. Kennard.]

MELVILLE S. KING, instructor in the commercial department of the State University since 1891, is a democrat, a Knight of Pythias and an Odd Fellow. He was born in DeKalb, Illinois, February 20, 1869, his parents being E.C., and Nancy V. King. He was educated in the State Normal school of Iowa, and Western Normal School of Iowa, and the Iowa Business College. He has taught in the Ottumwa Business College, the Shenandoah Commercial Institute and the Stanberry Normal School. He is not married. [See p. 40 for photo of M.S. King.]

S.B. KIRTLEY, the widely-known dealer in musical instruments, has been in the book and music business twenty years. He is the inventor of the Kirtley self-indexing ledger which has found its way into many great mercantile houses and is highly recommended by all who have used it. Mr. Kirtley was born in Audrain county, Missouri, April 27, 1848. He was educated at the Kentucky University. In September, 1874, he came to Columbia, and until 1890 was engaged in the book and music business.   Since 1890 he has devoted his attention to the music branch alone. Mr. Kirtley married Miss Alice T. Boone, the only direct descendant of Daniel Boone in Boone county, June 16, 1887. They have three children, W.B., Lucy B., and Alice B. Mr. Kirtley is a deacon in the First Christian church and member and secretary of the board of trustees of Christian college. [See p. 54 for photo of S.B. Kirtley.]

D.W.B. KURTZ, farmer, is a gentleman of fine culture of high personal character and great energy. He was born in Howard county, Missouri, February 17, 1837. After attending the district schools of his home neighborhood he came to Columbia and entered the University in 1859. He taught a year at Dover in Lafayette county, and in 1862 returned to the University and graduated in 1866. He was afterward professor in that institution, resigning voluntarily and receiving from the board of curators a resolution testifying in the highest terms to his valuable services. In 1872 he took charge of the Montgomery City college and in six years built up its attendance from 36 students to 350. In 1879 Mr. Kurtz was elected principal of the Rocheport Academy, where he remained one year. In 1881, Mr. Kurtz bought the fine farm, two miles northeast of Columbia, where he now resides. He married, December 23, 1868, Miss Sarah L. Russell, daughter of Col. F.T. Russell. They have eight children: Russell L., Cannie May, D.W.B., Jr., Frances A., Lula May[,] T.N., W.W., and Earl. Mr. Kurtz is a Baptist and a Mason he served as representative of Boone county in the Thirty-Sixth Missouri General Assembly, making a faithful and efficient member. During his term of office the assembly gave the University appropriations, for endowment and new buildings, of more than one million dollars the largest amount ever appropriated by our legislature. Mr. Kurtz is a democrat. [See p. 69 for photo of D.W.B. Kurtz.]

DR. WALTER L. LAMASTER, of Ashland, is a native of Kentucky, a son of Benjamin La Master and Sophia La Master, his wife. He was born November 24, 1855, in Henry county, Kentucky, and pursued his primary studies in the local schools, and took a business course in New Castle High School in 1874-5-6; entered Eminence College in the year 1877 and 1878, where he took a select course of instruction, and further pursued his studies in the Valparaiso Normal School of Indiana, in the years of 1879 and 1880. Here he began the study of medicine under Prof. A. H. Yah, and completed his medical course at the Louisville (Kentucky) University of Medicine; graduated and received his diploma from this institution in the year A.D. 1883. Dr. La Master married Miss L. Alice Jones, of Henry county, Kentucky, October 24, 1883, and emigrated to Ashland, in Boone county, Missouri, the same year. At Ashland he entered actively in the practice of his chosen profession of medicine and surgery, with an earnestness, zeal and success born of a natural love for his chosen profession. [See p. 80 for photo of Dr. W.L. LaMaster.]

JOHN DAVISON LAWSON, L.L.D., professor of law in the University of Missouri, is widely known as a writer on law topics. He was born March 29, 1852, at Hamilton, Canada, educated in Hamilton college and Osgoode Hall, Toronto law school. Admitted to the bar in Canada in 1875, he removed to St. Louis in 1876, residing there nine years. During this time he practiced law and was editor from 1877 to 1881 of the Central Law Journal. During these years he published works on Contracts of Carriers, Expert Evidence, Presumptive Evidence, Usages and Customs, Legal Concordance and Leading Cases Simplified. In 1885 Judge Lawson removed to New Jersey where in 1890 he published his greatest work, Rights, Remedies and Practice, in seven volumes. In the summer of 1890 Judge Lawson took a year’s vacation which he spent in travel in this country and in Europe. In 1886 he was elected judge of the civil court of New Jersey. He was appointed professor of law in the Missouri University in October, 1891, and has been a most valuable addition to the already strong law faculty. Judge Lawson married Miss Fanny E. Chase, of St. Louis. He attends the Episcopal church. [See p. 41 for photo of J.D. Lawson.]

SLATER ENSOR LENOIR, farmer, was born in Wilkes county, North Carolina, October 27, 1833. He has resided in Boone county, however, since 1834, except a year or two spent in gold hunting in California. He was educated at the State University. Mr. Lenoir has always been a farmer, and his home, three miles southeast of Columbia, is one of the best-improved in the county. On April 21, 1864, Mr. Lenoir married Miss Margaret A. Bradford, daughter of Austin Bradford. They are members of the Columbia Christian church. Mr. Lenoir is a democrat, a substantial citizen, and the family to which he belongs has long been a potent factor in the business, intellectual and social life of Boone county. He has one daughter. [See p. 73 for photo of S.E. Lenoir.]

SIMON HENRY LEVY, merchant, has been a resident of Missouri twenty-one years. He was born in Prussia in 1848. After coming to America Mr. Levy engaged in the clothing business in Quincy, Illinois. Later he was a clothing merchant in Shelbina, Missouri. For seventeen years, however, he has been a shoe merchant in this city. In Shelbina, in August, 1878, Mr. Levy married Miss Estelle Goode. Four children were born to them; three now living: Freda, Harry and Edwin. Mr. Levy has built up a large and increasing business. He is an active Mason. [See p. 55 for photo of S.H. Levy. And see p. 8 for photo of children Edwin and Harry Levy.]

MILLARD LEWIS LIPSCOMB, professor of physics in the University of the State of Missouri, has held this position since 1889 and grows in the regard of his students and th esteem of his associates. He is a member of the Christian church and a democrat. Prof. Lipscomb was born in King William county, Virginia, twenty-four miles from Richmond, of revolutionary ancestry. He was educated in Virginia schools and at Bethany college, where he studied science four years under Prof. A.E. Dolbear. He then was principal of Hickory Neck Academy, Virginia, one year. He was elected to assistant professorship in William and Mary college and the next year unanimously to full professorship but declined, preferring to go to Kentucky. In Kentucky colleges he taught a number of years, always to the satisfaction of those for whom he labored. On June 19, 1877, Prof. Lipscomb married Miss Anna May Robinson. They have eight children: Louise, Millard, James, Virgil, Basil, Benjamin, Sterling F. and McDonald. [See p. 41 for photo of M.L. Lipscomb.]

BERNHARD LOEB, the reliable groceryman, is a sterling citizen. He was born in Thier, Germany, September 3, 1824. Since April, 1872, he has been in Columbia. He has been twenty-six years in the mercantile business, part of this time in Howard county. He has been twelve years a grocer and interested in clothing establishments at Ogden, Utah, and Raton, N.M. In 1863, August 18, Mr. Loeb married Miss Bertha Myer. They have a family of bright sons and daughter. He served one year as member of the town council and three years as school director. Mr. Loeb is an Odd Fellow. [See p. 55 for photo of B. Loeb.]

W.H. LOWRY, for fourteen years in the coal business, came from the Old Dominion to Boone county via Kentucky, August 25, 1875. He was born in Wilmington, Virginia, July 22, 1857, and is the son of Joseph and Anna Lowry. Mr. Lowry attended school in Virginia and Kentucky. In 1887, September 15, he married Miss Anna Goslin. They have one child, Mary Emma. Mr. Lowry is sergeant in the Triple Alliance and is also a member of the Knights of the Maccabees. In religion Mr. Lowry is a member of the Christian church and in politics is a democrat. He is at present general agent of the Columbia Coal Company. [See p. 55 for photo of W.H. Lowry.]

HENRY B. LYONS, of the dry goods firm of Lyons Brothers, has been in the dry goods business in Columbia since 1880 and few merchants have sold more goods during that time. He is a son of John H. Lyons and was born six miles west of Columbia in Boone county. He taught school two years. From 1880 to 1885 he was associated with C.W., A.R. and J.W. Lyons. Since 1885, the firm has been H.B. and A.R. Lyons. Mr. Lyon is a democrat and not married. He is one of the best-known men in Boone county, and has many acquaintances throughout the state. The Lyons dry goods establishment I regarded as one of the Columbia landmarks. [See p. 55 for photo of H.B. Lyon.]

WILLIAM GWATHMEY MANLY, professor of Greek language and literature in the State University, is a son of Dr. Basil Manly, late professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Interpretation in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. Prof. Manly was born in Greenville, South Carolina, in 1862. He attended the Louisville (Kentucky) Male High School and afterwards Georgetown (Ky.) College. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1884. From 1884 to 1886 he was assistant headmaster in the celebrated University School of Petersburg, Virginia, under the management of W. Gordon McCabe. From 1886 to 1889 Prof. Manly was professor of Ancient Languages in Mercer University, Macon, Georgia. This position he resigned to pursue graduate study in classics at Harvard university where he was awarded the Thayer scholarship and in June, 1890, received the degree of Master of Arts. In March, 1890, he was elected to the chair of Greek Language and Literature in the University of Missouri, the position he now holds. Prof. Manley is a bachelor and a Baptist. [See p. 41 for photo of W.G. Manly.]

DR. ABNER MARTIN, of Ashland, is, like many other good people, a native of Boone county. Here he was born February 7, 1835. He studied medicine under Dr. Meredith Martin, of St. Louis, graduating from the St. Louis Medical College in 1858, and from Bellevue Medical College in 1864. He has practiced medicine in Ashland successfully and continuously since that time. On May 11, 1859, Dr. Martin married Miss Annie Tuttle, daughter of the late Judge G.S. Tuttle. They have one son, Charles P. Martin, and one daughter, Mrs. Eula G. Pape. Dr. Martin is a member of the Ashland Baptist church, and in politics, a free-trader. He is a valuable citizen to Ashland, and that community is proud of him. [See p. 76 for photo of Dr. Abner Martin.]

DR. R.S. MARTIN, of Ashland, one of the most distinguished citizens of that thriving town, was born in Boone county, July 18, 1833. He has resided longer in Ashland than any other man. His father and mother were Kentuckians. Dr. Martin was graduated from the St. Louis Medical College in 1858, and from the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1860. He has practiced medicine thirty-six years, and his ministrations have been a benediction in many sick rooms. During the civil war he was a surgeon in the Confederate army under Price. He is a democrat and a Baptist “by birth and persuasion.” Dr. Martin married, in 1860, Miss Mary Blanton. They have seven children: A.B., R.L., B.H., Mary Isable and Eliza Martin, Mrs. Hattie Rothwell and Mrs. Lavinia Lindsay. Mrs. Martin died in August, 1887. In September, 1893, Dr. Martin married Miss Laura D. McIntosh. [See p. 76 for photo of Dr. R. S. Martin.

CHARLES MATTHEWS, hardware merchant, is a fine example of the result of industry, energy and ability. Born in Boone county, July 8, 1858, he has resided always in this city and county. For twenty years he has been engaged in the general hardware business in Columbia and has built up a splendid trade. His store-room is one of the handsomest and most commodious in Central Missouri. Mr. Matthews married Miss Kemper in 1883. They have three children. He is a member of the board of trustees of the Methodist church. [See p. 56 for photo of Charles Matthews. And see p. 5 for photo of Swann and Charles Matthews, Jr., presumed children of Charles Matthews.]

WELLINGTON T. MAUPIN was born in Warren county, Missouri, January 16, 1838. He was the son of Wallace C. and Elizabeth Scott Maupin and came with his parents to Boone county in 1845 and to Columbia in 1857. Mr. Maupin is married and has two children, Margaret, wife of Prof. F.N. Peters, of Carrollton, and Frances, wife of W.E. Conger, of Hannibal. He was educated in the common schools of Boone county. For seven years Mr. Maupin has been a local Methodist preacher. He served the Columbia church as steward and trustee, was delegate to the annual conference and for fourteen years Sunday School superintendent. Mr. Maupin began business in 1857 as clerk in J.L. Stephens’ dry goods store. From 1870 to 1877 he was a member of the grocery firm of Allen, Maupin & Co., From 1877 to 1886 he was junior member of the Ashland firm of Wiseman & Maupin, dealers in dry goods. Returning to Columbia in the last-named year he became a member of the hardware firm of Maupin & Norwood. Since 1889 he has been in the dry goods business alone. Mr. Maupin is a democrat and a member of the A.O.U.W. [See p. 56 for photo of W.T. Maupin.]

DR. ANDREW WALKER MCALESTER, dean of the medical department of the State University, has been connected with that institution since 1872, longer than any other professor. Dr. McAlester was born in Rocheport, Boone county, Missouri, January 1, 1841, the son of B. McAlester, a pioneer citizen. He graduated at the State University in 1864 and afterward attended medical colleges in St. Louis, Chicago, New York, London and Paris. Dr. McAlester has been twice married. His first wife, Miss Iza Berry, of Springfield, died in 1870. In 1873 he married Miss Sallie McConathy, of Boone county. They have three sons: Andrew W., Berry and James. Dr. McAlester is a Methodist and a Mason. He takes a great interest in political affairs and is an unswerving democrat. Dr. Mcalester is regarded as one of the finest physicians and surgeons in the Mississippi Valley. He is a valuable citizen of this community. His farm near Columbia is well stocked with fine horses in handling which he is an expert. His practice is great and no physician is more beloved by his patients than this kind, genial, true-hearted gentleman. His services as professor in the State University have been of acknowledged value, and no member of the faculty has done more to make that institution great. [See p. 35 for photo of Dr. A.W. McAlester.]

JAMES B. MCBAINE, deceased, was a son of the late James T. McBaine. He died in El Paso, Texas, December 4, 1895, aged 32 years. He was a member of the Columbia Methodist church and was a young man of fine character and noble impulses. He graduated several years ago from the State University with high honors. He was specially noted in student-life for his ability as a public speaker. He was associated in business with his brother Turner McBaine, and had been quit successful as farmer and trader when death claimed him. His remains were interred in the Columbia cemetery. [See p. 80 for photo of J.B. McBaine.]

TURNER MCBAINE, farmer and stockman, was born near Providence, Boone county, Missouri, the son of J.T. McBaine, one of the prominent pioneer citizens of the county. He was born April 7, 1853, and is therefore 42 years of age. Mr. McBaine married Miss Luna Patterson, of St. Joseph. They have four children. Mr. McBaine is one of the most successful and widely known stock raisers in Central Missouri. He is the largest land-owner in the county, and is interested in many large business enterprises. He is a democrat and has always been a liberal, energetic citizen. [See p. 67 for photo of Turner McBaine.]

DR. CHARLES T. MCCLANE, one of Columbia’s most esteemed citizens and valued physicians, is of Scotch-Irish descent. He was born in Wabash county, Illinois, July 23, 1845, and was educated in the high schools and seminaries of that county. He spent his early days in teaching school and farming. In 1865 he married Miss Mary E. Kitchen. Of this union were born six children. Three sons, Roy, Logan E. and Dr. N.O., are dead. The surviving ones are: Fanny (now Mrs. L.W. Martin), Jean Edward and Bessie May. Dr. McClane commenced the practice of medicine in 1874. He is a graduate of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati. He has a liberal education in the three leading schools, regular, eclectic and homeopathic; the latter system his is now practicing. Dr. McClane has been for six years a resident of Columbia and has the confidence and support of large numbers of the leading families of this city and county. Politically he is a protectionist democrat. He and his wife have been devoted members of the Christian church from their youth. He is at present one of the elders in that church and, in an earnest, quiet way, is going about doing good and opposing sin. [See p. 35 for photo of Dr. C.T. McClane.]

ALBERT JOHNSTON MCCULLOCH, editor of the M.S.U. Independent, is a native of Cooper county, Missouri, where his father, Col. Robert A. McCulloch, still resides. Mr. McCulloch was born October 29, 1871, and has been a University student since 1888. He is now an instructor in Political Economy and History. He has held the position of major of the University cadet battallion [sic] and was specially proficient both as soldier and student. He is modest, earnest, and industrious. [See p. 37 for photo of A.J. McCullough.]

C.B. MILLER, shoe merchant, is familiar to Boone county people as proprietor of a popular establishment for the dissemination of footwear. He believes in pushing his business and his large trade is a result. Mr. Miller was born in Springfield, Ohio, on August 13, 1864. He came to Columbia in 1877. Mr. Miller has been fourteen years in the shoe business at the same stand. He is a democrat, a Knight of Pythias and unmarried. [See p. 56 for photo of C.B. Miller.]

FRANKLIN PIERCE MILLER, architect, has been engaged in the occupation of contractor and builder for over twenty years. Of late he has added to his business the ownership and general direction of a mill for the manufacture of fine furnishings. This is an institution of which Columbia is justly proud. Mr. Miller was born in Page county, Virginia, September 19, 1853. He was raised on a farm and educated in a private school near Winchester, Va. From 1872 to 1878, he resided in St. Charles, Missouri, then for three years in Butte, Montana. Since February, 1882, he has made Columbia his home. While in Montana he built the first smelting works ever erected in Butte. Mr. Miller is a democrat. He has served as member of the city council and for eleven years has been a vestryman in Calvary Episcopal church, Columbia.. Mr. Miller married, November 9, 1881, in the Church of the Advent, St. Louis, Miss Jennie May Allen, daughter of K.H. Allen. [See p. 56 for photo of F.P. Miller.]

JOHN E. MILLER, dealer in wall paper, was born in Switzerland, August 7, 1861. He came to America in 1870, to St. Louis in 1872 and to Columbia in 1883. While in St. Louis he worked at upholstering. Coming to Columbia he was employed to B.E. Hatton in the wall paper and upholstery business and since 1889 has been in business for himself. He is a good workman, honest and reliable. Mr. Miller is a K. of P. On October 15, 1891, he married Miss Florence F. Butcher. They have one child, Conrad. [See p. 56 for photo of J.E. Miller.]

JOHN WATSON MONSER, librarian of the State University, has held that position since July, 1887, and has made a zealous, capable and industrious official all these years. He is a native of London, England, where he was born November 5, 1838. At the age of eleven years he removed to Marshall county, Illinois. He married Miss Laura M. Hook, October 8, 1861. They have had seven children, all boys, two of whom are dead. Those living are Dr. George Monser, of Kansas City, H.E., Charles G., Frank and E.L. Mr. Monser was educated at Eureka college, Illinois, where he was also ordained to the Christian ministry. He was chaplain of the Seventy-sixth Illinois Regiment, afterwards chaplain of the Kansas House of Representatives and then of the Iowa Senate. He has taught in several of the Illinois schools and he is also the author of several volumes, notably an annual Sunday School Commentary which he gave up when he took the library. Mr. Monser is an enthusiastic and progressive citizen and has taken active, helpful interest in many good works. [See p. 42 for photo of J.W. Monser.]

ELAWSON C. MORE, farmer and lawyer, is one of the best known Missourians, of affable manners, a delightful conversationalist, cultured and traveled. He is also a citizen of large public spirit and generous impulses. His elegant home near Columbia, of which we present two attractive views, is among the most charming places in Central Missouri. Col. More is the son of Elijah A. More, a well-known St. Louisian, and was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, on December 27, 1837. He was educated largely in schools in America, but also attended schools in Paris, France, Hanover, Germany, and Cadiz, Spain. He graduated from Yale college in 1858 and from the law school at Lebanon, Tennessee, in 1861. Afterward he read law in St. Louis and then practiced in Helena, Mont. Later he traveled through the west and Central America and then removed to Columbia, where he has since resided. He practiced law here several years, but gave up law for farming. Col. More has always taken great interest in public affairs. He has been presidential elector. He was a member of the national democratic convention which nominated Tilden and Hendricks, and of the one at Chicago that nominated Cleveland and Stevenson. He served the United States for several years with distinguished ability as consul-general at the capital of Mexico. He has been president of the Missouri State board of Agriculture and of the Boone County Fair Association. He has lately made several trips to Europe. Col. More’s services as a democrat have been conspicuous. He has been twice married. His present wife is a daughter of Judge Logan Hunton, of St. Louis, and is most accomplished and charming woman. [See p. 71 for photo of Col. E.C. More]

DR. GEORGE S. MORSE, dentist, is a son of Dennis Morse, of New York. Dr. Morse was born in Madison, Madison county, New York, October 6, 1828. He was educated at Hamilton college, Clinton, New York, graduating in medicine in Philadelphia in 1854. He has been in the practice of dentistry since 1861 and has been conscientious, accurate and skillful. Dr. Morse is a Baptist and a democrat. After leaving home he went to Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, in 1855; to Boonville, Missouri, in 1858, and in December, 1864, to Columbia, which has since been his home, and of which town he is a respected and honorable citizen. On the fifth day of April, 1855, Dr. Morse married Miss Harriet N. Brooks, of Clinton, New York. Six children have been born to them: George M., Fred H., Louis E., Wm. D., Anna J., Bettie C., of whom all are dead except George M., of Texas and Fred H., of Minneapolis. [See p. 36 for photo of Dr. G.S. Morse.]

DR. WOODSON MOSS, professor in medical department of the University of the State of Missouri, is a native of Columbia, where he was born September 28, 1852. His father was Col. Jas. H. Moss, a distinguished lawyer, his mother, Mrs. Susan Moss. The names of his grandparents, Dr. Jas. W. Moss and Judge Warren Woodson, are also familiar in Central Missouri history. Dr. Moss was educated n the University of the State, graduating in medicine in 1875. In the same year he was made instructor in Anatomy in the University and later professor of theory and practice of medicine which position he now fills acceptably. There are but two members of the present faculty who have been connected with the University so long as Dr. Moss, Drs. McAlester and Schweitzer. Dr. Moss has been a practicing physician twenty years and his large and growing practice attests the high regard in which the people of Columbia hold him. He was in Europe three years ago for the special study of Koch’s treatment of tuberculosis. Dr. Moss is an active Christian worker. He is a deacon in the Baptist church and superintendent of the Sunday School. In May, 1881, Dr. Moss married Miss Sarah A. Anderson. They have four children: Ruth, Oliver Perry, James H. and Sarah McAlester. Dr. Moss is a thorough democrat. [See p. 35 for photo of Dr. Woodson Moss, and see p. 5 for photo of Sarah McAlester Moss.]

JOSEPH SHANNON MOUNTJOY, of the Columbia Statesman, is a bright and fearless writer and a young gentleman of wide range of information. He was born in Pettis county, Missouri, January 9, 1872, and made his home in Columbia in 1881. He attended the State university and has always been a great reader. Mr. Mountjoy has done editorial and local work on the Statesman for two years and much of that paper’s success is due to his abilities as news-gatherer and write. He is a member of the Christian church and a democrat. [See p. 37 for photo of J.S. Mountjoy.]

JERRE HERBERT MURRY, lawyer, ranks among the brightest young members of his profession. Graduating from the law department of the State University in 1893 he at once entered upon the practice of law in Columbia and has, by ability, integrity and courtesy, won many clients. Mr. Murry was born in Boone county, January 6, 1867. He is a son of John F. and Mary Murry. Mr. Murry educated himself. He took second prize in the Stephens medal contest of 1893, was president of his class, and delivered an address class day. His address at the Fourth of July celebration in Centralia in 1893 was much commended. He is a forceful speaker. Mr. Murry is a democrat, a member of the Sigma Nu and Phi Delta Phi fraternities and was recently elected Chancellor Commander of the Knights of Pythias. He is not yet married. [See p. 34 for photo of J.H. Murry.]

JOHN F. MURRY, clerk of the county court of Boone county, is a popular democrat as his unanimous re-nomination and re-election to the present office which he had filled creditably for four years, adequately attests. He has been a faith ful, conscientious officer. Mr. Murry is a native of Boone county, a son of J.F. Murry. He was educated at the State University taking there the degree of LL.B. He is by profession a lawyer. Mr. Murry married Miss Emma M. Waters, of Columbia, on October 12, 1893. They have one child. Mr. Murry’s success affords a fine example of what industry and integrity will accomplish. [See p. 26 for photo of John F. Murry.]

W.H. NAYLOR, lately of the carriage-making firm of Bell & Naylor, was born in Howard county, Missouri, November 25, 1853. Since 1875 he has been a resident of this county. He is a good workman and his establishment has a fine patronage. Mr. Naylor attended school at Lathrop Academy and was thereafter a farmer for years. He married Miss Nannie Smith in 1877. They have three children: Lonnie, Della and Katie. Mr. Naylor is the son of Warren and Julia Naylor and is a member of the Holiness church. [See p. 56 for photo of W.H. Naylor.]

C.C. NEWMAN, merchant, is a son of the late A.G. Newman and was born in Platte City, Missouri, February 27, 1842. He has resided, however, in Boone county fifty-two years. Mr. Newman attended the public school and the State University. During the civil war he was a member of Price’s confederate army. He has been a hardware merchant in Columbia over thirty years and has a fine trade throughout this section of the state. Mr. Newman has always been a prominent citizen and has held several offices, including positions in the school board and city council. He is a stalwart democrat. On September 27, 1869, he married Miss Kate Ficklin. They have five children: Edna, Roy, Nellie, Arthur and Ethel. [See p. 57 for photo of C.C. Newman.]

SAM W. NICHOLS, groceryman, member of the firm of Proctor & Nichols, was born in Charleston, West Virginia, March 30, 1865. Since May, 1893, he has been a resident of Columbia. He is a son of James M. and Caroline Nichols and was educated in West Virginia schools. For eight years Mr. Nichols was a practical printer. He is a member of the Independent Order of Red Men, and of the Typographical Union. He is a republican and unmarried. [See p. 57 for photo of S.W. Nichols.]

FREDERICK WILLIAM NIEDERMEYER, member of the firm of Guitar & Niedermeyer, livery stable keepers, was one of the most popular and pleasant students at the University. He retains this popularity now that he has become a business man in Columbia. Mr. Niedermeyer was born in St. Louis, February 2, 1870, attended Smith’s Academy, Bryant & Stratton’s Business College and was graduated from the University in June, 1894, with a degree of L.L. B. In January, 1895, Mr. Niedermeyer became a citizen of Columbia embarking in his present occupation. He married Miss Sabra E. Pierce in 1895. [See p. 57 for photo of F.W Niedermeyer.]

DR. WILFORD A. NORRIS, physician, has been a resident of Columbia since 1892 and has grown constantly in public esteem. He is a native of Boone county, graduate of the medical department of the University, present professor of anatomy in that institution. Dr. Norris is treasurer of the Baptist church, a Mason and a democrat. He was born July 15, 1858. On June 10, 1883, Dr. Norris married Miss Minnie Beasley. They have one child, Mildred. Dr. Norris is a son of George W. Norris. [See p. 36 for photo of Dr. W.A. Norris.]

J.K. NORTHCUTT, of Deer Park, merchant and stock-raiser, has a well-appointed country store and does a large business. He is a native of Boone county and lived on a farm until 1875. Then he tried California, but a year in that state sufficed and he returned to old Boone. On November 30, 1881, Mr. Northcutt married Miss Alice Mosely, daughter of William Mosely. He has been engaged in the mercantile business for fifteen years, and has been quite successful. He is enterprising, energetic and honest. Mr. Nortucutt’s home is at Deer Park, Cedar township, where, in addition to his general store, he has a number of standard-bred horses and pedigreed Duroc-Jersey hogs. [See p. 72 for photo of J.K. Northcutt.]

GEORGE L. NORVELL, president of the Star Laundry company of Columbia, was born at Rockbridge, Boone county, Missouri, July 30, 1841. He removed to Columbia in 1857, to Ashland in 1860. During the civil war he served in the Union army and was a member of the regimental band. In 1873 he was again in Ashland, going from there to Ray county, Missouri, then to Idaho, back to Ashland and in 1888 to Columbia which has since been his home. In 1868 he married Mrs. Ellen Brown. They have two children: Logic and Pearl. For four years Mr. Norvell was in the employ of Capt. J.A. Adams but in 1891 engaged in business alone. He is a fine workman and good citizen. The Star Laundry of which he is president, is a new enterprise that bids fair to succeed. The esteem in which Mr. Norvell is held by his fellows is shown by the fact that he is a Master Workman of the Boone Lodge No. 77, A.O.U.W. He is also a Maccabee and a S.K., A.O.U.W. Mr. Norvell’s parents were from Virginia and Kentucky but he is a thorough-going Missourian. [See p. 57 for photo of G.L. Norvell.]

WILLIAM BYRON NOWELL, grocery merchant, has been eighteen years a merchant in Columbia, respected and popular. The W.B. Nowell Grocery company, of which he is the head and director, is a successful institution. Mr. Nowell is a native of Waukesha county, Wisconsin, where he was born September 24, 1852, the son of William and Ruth Nowell. He came to Boone county in 1859 and on the eighteenth of October, 1883, married Miss Annie Anderson. They have five children: Fannie, W.B. Jr., Lizzie, John and Byron. Mr. Norvell was three years a member of the city council. He is a democrat and a Mason. For years he has been a steward in the Southern Methodist church of this city. [See p. 58 for photo of W.B. Nowell.]

THE REV. PATRICK FRANCIS O’REILLY, of the Church of the Sacred Heart (Catholic) in Columbia, is a native of the beautiful Emerald Isle. From young childhood St. Louis has been the home of his family–forty-six years. The early education of Father O’Reilly was had under the care of the Christian Brothers; his advanced studies were pursued and completed at the St. Louis University, from which famed institution of the Jesuits he received the degrees of A.B. and A.M., in 1860 and 1864 respectively. For a time during the civil war he was a prisoner in the McDowells college. His studies for the priesthood were made at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and Carlow College, Ireland. Father O’Reilly counts twenty-eight years of continuous service at the altar, relieved by a European trip, including Italy, eleven years ago. Most of the years of his priestly life have been given to St. Louis; ten were given to work in the southern states. He has lectured in most of the states and in many of their chiefest cities. Father O’Reilly has been a resident of Columbia only a few months and has won many friends by his courtesy and unselfishness. He is an orator, a thinker and a scholar and his work in this community promises to be signally successful. He has passed beyond two score years and ten but a year or two. [See p. 32 for image of Rev. P.F. O'Reilly.]

ARTHUR PALMER, teacher of violin, mandolin, guitar and banjo, in Stephens College, was born in Chicot (now Desha) county, Arkansas. His father was born in New York, educated in Norfolk, Virginia, and came to Missouri after the war, and has been a railroad man since. His mother is a native of Randolph county. In 1872 his parents moved to Arkansas, returning, when Arthur was two months old, to Moberly, where they have lived ever since, except one year at Lexington, Missouri. In Lexington young Palmer attended his first school, Miss Sue Trigg, in the Elizabeth Aull Seminary, being his first teacher. He began the study of music at the age of nine years. He has been teaching violin and orchestral instruments for the last five years. At the age of 16 years he was leader of the First Presbyterian choir at Moberly. He began to study the violin under Prof. Johannes Goetz, at Moberly. In September, 1894, Prof. Palmer accepted a position in the Columbia School of Music and Oratory, resigning in December, 1894, to accept his present position in Stephens College the first of 1895. His grandfather, A.B. Palmer, was educated for the Presbyterian ministry in Connecticut, but devoted the greater portion of his life to music. His uncle, Dr. H.R. Palmer, of New York, has given over forty years of his life to music and church work. Mr. Palmer has studied harmony and “sight reading” and choral work with his uncle. [See p. 45 for photo of Arthur Palmer.]

DR. OZIAS PAQUIN, of the firm of F.W. Peck & Co., wholesale and retail druggists, is a native of St. Andrews, Canada, where he was born August 18, 1864. Since 1886 he has been a resident of Columbia and has been an energetic and prosperous citizen. He has one of the prettiest homes in this town of beautiful homes. Dr. Paquin has attended school in Canada, the Missouri State University and the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons. He graduated from the St. Louis College of Pharmacy in 1889. He has been five years a member of the drug firm of F.W. Peck & Co., and makes an important addition to that establishment. In St. Louis, August, 1889, Dr. Paquin married Miss J. Mullally. The have two children. Dr. Paquin is a democrat, a Catholic, a member of the Maccabees and Aegis. [See p. 36 for photo of Dr. O. Paquin.]

JAMES H PARKER, of Parker Brothers, undertakers and dealers in furniture, is 45 years old. He is a native of Columbia, the son of the late James H. Parker and attended the State University. In January, 1874, Mr. Parker married Miss Machir who died in 1880, laving one child, Margaret. Mr. Parker is a democrat. Until three years ago he was engaged in farming but is now a member of the enterprising and successful firm of Parker Brothers. [See p. 58 for photo of J.H. Parker.]

MOSS P. PARKER, member of the firm of Parker Brothers, dealers in furniture, was born in Columbia, May 22, 1853. From 1870 to 1885 Mr. Parker lived on a farm south of this city. In the latter year he came to Columbia and engaged in th undertaking business with G.M. Dearing. Later he was in this occupation alone, then with Maj. R.J. Booth. Selling out the business to Maj. Booth he accepted the position of state cattle inspector, under the veterinary service. He was stationed at Kansas City one year and at St. Louis two years. Returning to Columbia in 1892 he, with his brother, bought out Maj. Booth’s furniture and undertaking business and has since conducted this business successfully. Mr. Parker is a son of James H. and Margaret B. Parker. In May, 1879, he married Miss Lou Robnett. Three children were born of this union, of whom two, Robnett and Margaret, are living. Mr. Parker was educated at Westminster College and the State University. In 1887 he attended lectures under Prof. Clark on embalming and caring for the dead, also lectures under A. Renonard at St. Joseph. He is a Knight of Pythias, a Maccabee, a democrat and a Presbyterian. [See p. 58 for photo of Moss P. Parker.]

WILLIAM LEWIS PARKER, farmer, was born in Fayette county, Kentucky, on a farm, two miles from Lexington, May 2, 1827. In 1845 he came with his father and mother, Gabriel and Elizabeth Parker, to Callaway county, and the next year, 1846, to Boone county, his father having bought a farm five miles from Columbia. Mr. Parker attended district schools, Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, and the Missouri State University. In 1849 Mr. Parker went to California by the southern route, the trip occupying nine months and twelve days. He found Los Angeles a Spanish village. Forty years later he made the same trip in five days, with all the comforts of civilization, and found Los Angeles a great city. Mr. Parker had some interesting experiences in California. He mined several thousand dollars’ worth of gold, but made no more money than if he had remained at home. Board was $5 a day, labor $10, all kinds of provisions $1 a pound. Mr. Parker helped take out several pans of dirt averaging $100 to the pan. One chunk brought him $800. In 1852 he returned to Boone county and farmed until in 1857. In that year he went to Texas with a lot of sheep, became involved in a law suite to get paid for them, and was compelled to make several trips to Texas. On the last of these he met General Price’s Confederate army going south. He joined the army, was in the battles of Dry Wood, Lexington and Pea Ridge. After the battle of Pea Ridge he was left sick at a hospital at Van Buren. He was in the hospital several months, and then, in the fall of 1863, returned home. In 1864 he began freighting across the plains. Reaching Montana he spent two winters there—50 degrees below zero. In 1868 he undertook to start a cattle ranch, but was prevented by hostile Indians. Returning to Missouri he bought his father’s farm and remained there until 1892. He has since spent one winter in Florida and one in Texas. After visiting in all the states west of the Mississippi except Oregon and Washington, and nearly all east of Missouri, he has settled down on a beautiful farm in the suburbs of Columbia and thinks it as good country as he ever saw. Mr. Parker never married. He is an elder in the Columbia Presbyterian church and is a fine type of the Christian gentleman. Quiet, modest, unobtrusive, he is full of good deeds and kind words, and his name is an honored one in this community. [See p. 79 for photo of W.L. Parker.]

JOHN J. PAULEY, blacksmith, was born in Stuttgart, Germany, February 15, 1840, and is the son of David and Margaret Pauley. He was educated in Germany, coming to the United States in 1857, and to Columbia ten years later. Mr. Pauley married Miss Elizabeth Lauth in 1863. They have four children, two, George and Anna, now living. Mr. Pauley has been a blacksmith and general machinist nearly forty years, and does good, honest, faithful work. He is first lieutenant in the order of the Triple Alliance and is a steward in the Methodist church. [See p. 58 for photo of J.J. Pauley.]

REV. MOSES U. PAYNE, Methodist minister, now resident of Hamburg, Iowa, was for years a citizen of this county. He was to the Methodists of the county a leader, as Dr. Jewell, of the Baptists. He united with Dr. Jewell in constructing the first church building in Columbia. He also pushed to completion many other enterprises. Howard-Payne College, at Fayette, to which he has given largely, is named in his honor. Mr. Payne has amassed great wealth in his life, being reputed a millionaire. He has contributed to many charities, however, and has aided many worthy causes. He still owns a fruit farm near Rocheport. [See p. 10 for photo of Rev. Moses U. Payne.]

WILLIAM W. PAYNE, grocery merchant and tobacco manufacturer, is an example of the self-made man. By industry, sobriety and thrift he has achieved his present position among the citizens of Columbia. He was born in this county, the son of James Payne, February 17, 1868. He had been clerk for Hickman & Nowell and Scott & Nowell eight years, when about four years ago he began the grocery business for himself. He has been prospering in this line, and has lately added tobacco manufacturing to his concern. Sixteen employees labor in his factory. Mr. Payne is a member of the Christian church, a democrat, a Mason and a K. of P. He married Miss Effie Fine, November 1, 1893. [See p. 59 for photo of W.W. Payne.]

A.M. PENNEWELL, manager of the LaCrosse Lumber Company, Centralia, is the youngest manager the company has in any of its numerous branches but he is one of the best. He was born in Middletown, Montgomery county, Missouri, June 23, 1876. He went to Vandalia, Missouri, March 18, 1891, graduated from the Vandalia highschool April 28, 1893, and entered the employ of the LaCrosse Lumber company at Vandalia, May 1, 1893. Here he remained until July 1, 1894, when he was given charge of the company’s large yard in Centralia. He is a Methodist and unmarried. He is a modest, zealous and honest citizen, who has won many friends for himself and his company in Centralia. [See p. 80 for photo of A.M. Pennewell.]

J.K. POOL, editor of the Centralia Courier, worked by the month for the money with which to pay for tuition. He was born September 18, 1860, on a farm in Audrain county, Missouri, married in 1883 and moved to Centralia in 1885. He taught school eleven years, five years in the Centralia public schools. On May 21, 1891, he began the publication of the Centralia Courier, and has since conducted that aggressive journal. Mr. Pool is a democrat of the partisan western type, conscientious, fearless and a bold fighter. He tells the truth and fears not. His paper is a model of clean journalism and even those who can not agree with it can not fail to admire its manly course. Mr. Pool is an active worker in the Christian church and a public speaker of much ability. [See p. 38 for photo of J.K. Pool.]

EDWARD D. PORTER, late dean of the agricultural college of the University of Missouri, died in Columbia, January 5, 1895. Dr. Porter was born August 12, 1829, in Tinmouth, Vermont. He received primary education in the district schools of Vermont and the grammar schools of Pennsylvania. He graduated with degree of B.A., the valedictorian of his class, at the University of Pennsylvania, July 3, 1851. Before his graduation, May 30, 1851, he was appointed professor of natural philosophy and civil engineering in Delaware college, Newark, Delaware, which position he held until June 30, 1855, when he was appointed professor of mathematics and astronomy. He was given the degree of M.A. by the University of Pennsylvania, July 1, 1854. From 1859 to 1861 Dr. Porter served as principal of New London Academy, New London, Christian county, Pennsylvania. On April 1, 1861, he was elected principal of Newark Academy, Newark Delaware, holding that position thirteen years. He was appointed adjutant general of the state of Delaware, which office he held eleven years. During most of these years he was the only republican office-holder in the state. Dr. Porter served as a private in Company I, Seventh Delaware Infantry of the Union army, having refused any office of higher grade as he enlisted when holding the office of adjutant general and conducting at the same time the most flourishing academy for young men in the United States. In 1867 he reorganized Delaware College as an agricultural college and was appointed vice-president and professor of agriculture in the new institution. In March, 1869,he was appointed by President Grant United States pension agent for the district of Delaware and the east shore of Maryland, in which position he served for five years. In 1873, Dr. Porter resigned as principal of Newark Academy and devoted himself to the duties of his position in Delaware College as professor of agriculture and natural science, and the management of his experimental farm. In January, 1881, he resigned his position in Delaware College, having been continuously connected with that institution for thirty years, with but a short interruption in 1859, and having filled successively the chairs of natural science, civil engineering, mathematics, astronomy and agriculture. Upon his resignation he accepted an appointment to the chair of theoretical and practical agriculture in the University of Minnesota, and later became director of the experiment station. In 1883 he received the degree of M.D. from Delaware College. In August, 1889, he was chosen to the position he held at his death. Dr. Porter’s loyalty to his work, his unflagging industry, his thorough conscientiousness and his great ability made his labors eminently successful. He was a gentleman of fine personal address and won friends everywhere. Dr. Porter was the originator in Minnesota of the “Farmers Institute,” which method of popular instruction has met with much favor. He was the author of valuable literature on agricultural topics. He was acting commissioner for Minnesota at the New Orleans cotton centennial exposition and also did much to make great Missouri’s exhibit at Chicago. He was an elder in the Columbia Presbyterian church. Three daughters, Misses Estelle, Kate and Lily, survive Dr. Porter. His wife died in Columbia in 1891. The HERALD in its issue of January 11, said of Dr. Porter: “Columbia is poorer to-day than one week ago. Dr. E.C. Porter is dead. The University has sustained a loss serious beyond estimate. The community is bereaved. Every good cause has lost a supporter and every public enterprise a friend. In view of his relationship to the agricultural college, his knowledge of its history and needs, his resourcefulness in its advocacy and defence, it is not invidious to the living to say, Better have taken any man than he. Into the biennial battle, born of misconception and prejudice, the college enters with right arm crippled, with chief captain dead. Dr. Porter was of singularly happy temperament. He believed in God and man. He took ever the sunny side. He was cheerful and made others so. Life was to him a sad contest, sometimes but never outwardly. A more energetic, alert, devoted worker has not blessed our town by laboring here. He was the embodiment of courtesy. It was a pleasure to meet him anywhere. In business as well as in social life he was a gentleman, guileless, kindly-affectioned, true. Scholar and man of science, he was a close reasoner, a forceful speaker. He won friends and disarmed opposition by the very simplicity and earnestness of his statements. The snow-drifts of age which left their mark upon his head could not check the springtime buoyancy of his heart. We boast of our buildings, our banks and schools and churches fine. We take pride in the things of brick and mortar which stand in mute magnificence in this fair town. But far more valuable to the community are its men of high character and noble lives. A good man is worth more than any bag of money or pile of stone. Such a man was Dr. Porter. His coming was a benediction to Columbia, his presence her a source of strength and sunshine, his going-forth an enrichment of the Land Beyond.” [See p. 42 for photo of E.D. Porter.]

J.H. POTTS, member of the firm of Potts Brothers, undertakers and furniture dealers, Centralia, was born in Nicholas county, Kentucky, August 5, 1849. He was the son of J.G. Potts who came to the Two Mile Prairie while he was a boy. In 1888 he married Miss Mary B. Summers. They have two children. Mr. Potts was deputy county collector under Col. Eli Hodge. He is a deacon in the Christian church, a Maccabee, Mason, Knight Templar and Knight of Pythias. He is one of Centralia’s worthiest citizens. [See p. 77 for photo of J.H. Potts.]

WINFIELD POTTS, of Burks Bros. & Co., Centralia, is native of Nicholas county, Kentucky, where he was born May 9, 1852. In 1878 he married Miss Maggie C. Pemberton. Mr. Potts was a farmer until three years ago when he went into business with his brother in Centralia. He is a member of the Christian church and is a stirring and successful business man. [See p. 77 for photo of Winfiled Potts.]

J.T. PRATHER, groceryman, was born in Boone county, Missouri, April 19, 1858. Since 1882 he has resided in Columbia and has been constantly engaged in the mercantile business. There is no more popular salesman in Columbia. Mr. Prather is a member of the Christian church. He was married February 13, 1881, to Miss Bettie Keene, daughter of Henry Keene. They have two children: H.L., and Ethel D. Mr. Prather is a democrat. [See p. 64 for photo of J.T. Prather.]

WILLIAM S. PRATT, attorney-at-law, is one of the best posted men in Columbia upon things political. He is a good talker and a safe, upright judge. He has been justice of the peace and recorder several terms. Mr. Pratt was born in Cedar township, Boone county, November 25, 1843. He attended the State University taking the A.B. degree in 1864. He has been deputy county surveyor, instructor in the State University and in 1889 curator of that institution. In November, 1867, Mr. Pratt married Miss Bettie Keiser, of St. Louis, now dead. He has three children: George C., Charles W., and John K. Mr. Pratt is a democrat of the western type, a pronounced bimetallist and tariff reformer. [See p. 58 for photo of W.S. Pratt.]

R.B. PRICE, president of the Boone County National Bank, was born in Charlotte county, Virginia, October 17, 1832. He was brought by his parents to Missouri in 1838, entered the State University in 1850 and was educated at that institution. Mr. Price was in the geological survey of the state from 1854 to 1858. He resigned from the survey to go into the banking business in Columbia which business he has followed continuously and exclusively since that time. His success in his chosen work has been marked, his name being a synonym for financial strength and business acumen in Columbia. The bank of which he is the head has a capital stock of $100,000 and surplus and undivided profits exceeding the capital stock. Mr. Price is president of the Boone County and Boonville Railroad Company, vice-president of the Columbia Water and Electric Light Company and treasurer of the board of curators of the State University, which last position he has held since 1873. He was curator of the University in 1885 and was treasurer of Boone county from 1866 to 1876. Mr. Price has been prominently identified with many of the movements which have built up Columbia and Boone county and has pushed to success many public enterprises. In commercial and financial circles in the Mississippi valley no resident of Central Missouri is better known. Politically Mr. Price is a democrat. [See p. 67 for photo of R.B. Price.]

JAMES M. PROCTOR, of Sturgeon, was born in Macon county, Missouri, February 12, 1842. He came to Boone county when twelve years of age and resided with his sister. After attending school in Macon he went to Bloomington, where he learned the tinners trade. At the age of 21 years he embarked in business in Mexico, Missouri. In 1864 he married Mss Ella White. Mr. Proctor came to Sturgeon in 1865 and has been in active business life there since that date. In politics as in business, he has been quite successful. He was elected to the legislature over Capt. J.W. Kneisley in 1882, carrying every voting precinct in Boone county except one. He was then elected to the state senate, defeating Col. Squire Turner. Of late years he has quite active politics. He is a staunch democrat, a liberal, enterprising, worthy citizen. There are few residents of Boone county more widely known or more highly esteemed. [See p. 67 for photo of J.M. Proctor.]

JOHN E. PROCTOR, grocery merchant, is one of Columbia’s youngest and most progressive business men. He was born three miles south of Columbia, February 17, 1875, and farmed until 1893 when he came to Columbia. He is a son of John E. and Elizabeth Proctor, and grandson of M.G. Proctor and Robert Johnston, familiar and estimable names. He has been in the grocery business in Columbia for the last year and is now senior member of the firm of Proctor & Nichols. He is a Baptist, a democrat and is not married. [See p. 59 for photo of John E. Proctor.]

J.W. PUMPHREY, University student, is one of the brightest and most popular young men at that institution. He was born on an Arkansas farm in 1872. He completed his common school course at 14 years of age, left the farm at 15 and entered the County Line Academy, in Fulton county, Arkansas. Here he completed this course, graduated at Mt. Grove Academy, Mt. Grove, Mo., under the most efficient teacher that institution has ever had. Entering Arkansas University in 1892 at the age of 19, he received the highest grade in competitive examination over University boys, for cadetship. He also received from Superintendent Wolfe a state teachers certificate. During his stay here he entered the law office of B.H. Davidson, attorney for the ‘Frisco Railroad, where he studied international and constitutional law, in connection with collegiate branches. In 1893 Mr. Pumphrey graduated at Queen City Business College in shorter time than any other pupil, giving special attention to subjects related nearest to law. He was admitted to the bar in August, 1894, entered the University senior law class in September, 1894, and will graduate at the age of 22 years. Though entering first law class he was a first rank student in every branch of law during first semester. [See p. 64 for photo of J.W. Pumphrey.]

WALTER J. QUICK, M.S., professor of agriculture in the State university, though comparatively a new-comer in Columbia, has won the good opinion of all. Prof. Quick is the son of Hon. S.R. Quick, of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture, and grandson of Judge Tunis Quick. He was born in Columbus, Indiana, May 24, 1861, was reared upon an importing and breeding farm, and attended Purdue University. Here he took three years in courses in the same institution. After graduation he became a member of the firm of S.R. Quick & Son, breeders and importers of live stock, Columbus, Ind. From 1885 to 1889 he was secretary of the Indiana Shorthorn Breeders’ Association, and edited and compiled a remarkably complete Shorthorn Breeders’ Directory. From 1885 to 1888 he was the editor of the Shorthorn Cattle Dep’t. of the Indiana Farmer. This position he resigned to take the general management of the American Shorthorn Gazette. In 1891, Prof. Quick became Professor of Agriculture in the Colorado Agricultural College and director of the U.S. Experiment Station at Fort Collins. This position he held until August, 1893, when he was chosen to his present position. On May 26, 1886, Prof. Quick married Miss Anna Laura Foster, B.S., of Lafayette, Indiana, a graduate of Purdue University. They have one child, Katharine. Prof. Quick is a member of the American Shropshire Sheepbreeders’ Association, was among its original incorporators and is now its vice president. He is also a member of the American Shorthorn Breeders’ Association, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1891, Prof. Quick was a delegate to the National Convention of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, held in Washington, and again in 1892 at New Orleans. During the past summer he was special commissioner of the Department of Agriculture of the United States to Europe. Prof. Quick is a devoted member of the Christian church and a loyal U.R. Knight of Pythias. [See p. 42 for photo of W.J. Quick; and see p. 4 for photo of Katherine Quick.]

MALCOLM GRAEME QUINN, real estate agent, is a native of Randolph county, Missouri. Here he was born November 23, 1844, living there until 1868, when he removed to Boone county. Mr. Quinn was educated at Mt. Pleasant College, Huntsville. He entered the confederate army in 1860, serving through the war in Gen. Cockrell’s brigade as first sergeant. He was assistant engineer on the Wabash Railroad construction to Centralia, chief engineer on all Columbia gravel roads. For the past ten years he has been actively engaged in the real estate, abstract and insurance business in Columbia. Mr. Quinn is a Knight of Pythias, a Forester and a Christian. He married Miss Caroline W. Turner, November 23, 1870. They have two children: Dr. Abram T. and Katie. Mr. Quinn has been a most successful democratic politician. He has made six canvasses for office and won in five. He was county surveyor from 1874 to 1882 and assessor from 1882 to 1888. [See p. 59 for photo of M.G. Quinn.]

WILLIAM FITZHUGH RANDOLPH, agent of Wabash Railroad at Columbia, bears a distinguished name and is a descendant of a famous Virginia family. He was born in St Charles county, Missouri, July 26, 1864, a son of Virginius and Elizabeth Preston Randolph. He is a graduate of the law department of the Cumberland university Lebanon, Tennessee, and of the State University of Missouri. He took the Master’s degree in law in the latter institution and Is one of the finest students of law whoever left that school. Mr. Randolph married Miss Carleton Holland, August 10, 1886. They have three children: Viola, Cary and Carleton. Mr. Randolph came to Columbia in 1891 and has served the Wabash Railroad faithfully and well. [See p. 59 for photo of W.F. Randolph.]

JAMES H. REID, public administrator of Boone county, was born in Warren county, Virginia, December 14, 1845. He emigrated to Boone county, Missouri, in 1859, since which time he has made his home here. He is a successful farmer and stock raiser, and a courteous gentleman. He is a member of the Christian church and has served as elder for several years. Politically he has always been a democrat and has frequently served his party in county, district and state conventions. He is now serving his second term as public administrator of Boone county. [See p. 28 for photo of J.H. Reid.]

EDGAR A. REMLEY, manufacturer of cigars, is a Buckeye by birth. On February 9, 1859, he was born in Cincinnati. Mr. Remley has been in his present occupation continuously since coming of age. His father, J.A. Remley, was the oldest cigar manufacturer in Cincinnati. Mr. Remley was appointed by President Hayes cadet at West Point but absence from home prevented his acceptance. He has always been an ardent republican and a progressive, public-spirted citizen. On November 23, 1886, he married Miss Mary Hogan. They have four living children: Edgar A., Winifred Mary, Ethel May and Eunice Carmel. Mr. Remley has been a citizen of Columbia since 1884. [See p. 59 for photo of E.A. Remley.]

LUTHER H RICE, owner and editor of the Ashland Bugle, was born September 8, 1866, near the present site of Hartsburg, Boone county, Missouri. Seven years later he moved to a farm near Ashland. He attended school there and assisted in farm work for several years. Mr. Rice became fascinated with the art of making newspapers and decided to leave the farm. In doing so, he broke the family record for ten generations. In 1886 he went to set type in the HERALD office, at Columbia. One year later he laid down the stick for he quill on the Ashland Bugle, having leased that paper from J.L. Wilcox, who worked that year in the government printing office at Washington. In 1889 he returned to the HERALD Publishing House and did local work for several months, and later, mechanical work until the office burned in September, 1892. Then Mr. Rice went to Ohio. He did editorial work on the Portsmouth Times, and was a frequent contributor to the Arkansas Traveler. Returning to Missouri after an absence of a year he became head proofreader in the HERALD office. In September, 1894, he bought the Bugle, and is now running its editorial end. His brother, Oren Rice, is in local charge. Mr. Rice is, of course, a substantial democrat. He is a Baptist and unmarried. His newspaper work in all departments has been of the highest character. Few young men can write more attractively and none is a harder student. The Bugle is a clean journal, and is edited in a most creditable manner. [See p. 38 for photo of L.H. Rice.]

D.P. RICHARDS, merchant, is one of Columbia’s most substantial citizens. He has taken active and liberal interest in all public enterprises and has been reliable and progressive. He has been the candidate of the republican party for mayor of Columbia and ran ahead of his ticket. He now represents a democratic ward in the city council. Mr. Richards was born in New Hampshire, on December 21, 1837. He was the son of Darious and Margaret Richards. He came to St. Louis in 1865 and to Columbia in 1877. He has the only exclusive jewelry establishment in Boone county. Mr. Richards served four years in the Union army, nine months as color sergeant 6th Massachusetts, the rest of the time as 1st Lieut. in 60th and 62d Mass. Reg. He was a member of the town council seven years and the school board three years. He has been a Knight of Pythias fourteen years and sixteen years a member of the A.O.U.W. Mr. Richards is also a Mason. He married Miss Sophia Gesler, of St. Louis, in 1872. They have several children. [See p. 60 for photo of D.P. Richards.]

J.R. RIPPEY, secretary of the state board of agriculture, is known over Missouri as a clever citizen, a staunch democrat and an honorable man. Though residing in Columbia, where the board has headquarters, he claims Lancaster, Schuyler county, near where he has a finely improved farm, as his home. He was born in 1843 and married in 1867. Mr. Rippey has served with credit in many positions of trust. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1875 and of the Thirty-first General Assembly. He was a member of the state board of agriculture eight years and a curator of the State University from 1890 to 1893. Resigning, he became secretary of the board of agriculture in July, 1893. [See p. 68 for photo of J.R. Rippey.]

WILLIAM I. ROBERTS, collector of Boone county, has long been an honored citizen. He was marshal of Rocheport from 1867 to 1870, marshal of Columbia from 1874 to 1890, sheriff of Boone county from 1891 to 1895 and was elected collector in November, 1894. In every position he has been faithful, conservative and devoted to duty. He served in the confederate army about two years, is a democrat and a Presbyterian. Mr. Roberts was born in Augusta county, Virginia, June 27, 1847, his father being the late Dr. Wm. R. Roberts. He removed to Boone county, Missouri, July 5, 1859. On October 5, 1870, he married Miss Minta Knox. They have two children: Mamie B. and Reuben K. [See p. 26 for photo of W.I. Roberts.]

J. WALTER ROBINSON, merchant, has been in the mercantile business in Columbia, with short exception, twenty years and has no superior as a salesman. He is shrewd and obliging. Born in Boone county, October 27, 1855. He was, in 1881, a member of the firm of Dean & Robinson at Stephens Store, Callaway county, and then conducted the business for three years alone. Afterward he was a salesman for Strawn, Bouchell & Co., of Columbia, and for Hubbell Dry Goods Company. He has now been for some time a member of the firm of Baker, Robinson & Co., one of the largest grocery houses in the city. Mr. Robinson is a son of the late Alexander Robinson, a democrat and a member of the Christian church. He is, up, to this tie, a bachelor. [See p. 60 for photo of J.W. Robinson.]

DAVID A. ROBNETT, horticulturist, is a fine example of the successful Missouri fruit grower. Of his Fairview fruit farm in Boone county he is deservedly proud. By a singular coincidence the houses in which Mr. Robnett was born, married and now lives are on adjoining farms. He was born in September, 1855, in Boone county, the son of David A. Robnett. He married May 22, 1881, Miss Laura H. Barton. They have four children: Ethel B., Mittie V., David B., and Helen Morton. Mr. Robnett’s home is at Ampleside east of Columbia, on the Columbia and Fulton gravel road. [See p. 76 for photo of D.A. Robnett. And see p. 5 for photo of David B. Robnett.]

ROBERT FRANCIS ROGERS, of the dry goods firm of Strawn, Rogers & Co., is a son of James Rogers, of Boone county, and was born on a farm seven miles northeast of Columbia, February 16, 1867. Mr. Rogers is a gallant young gentleman who has proven a popular salesman during the three years he has been engaged in his present occupation. He was for three years in the wholesale and retail grocery business in Hot Springs, Arkansas, but since 1892 has been a resident of Columbia. He is a member of the Christian church, a democrat, an officer of the Knights of Pythias Lodge and is yet unmarried. [See p. 60 for photo of R.F. Rogers.]

GEORGE BINGHAM ROLLINS, belongs to a family well known in the history of Missouri, being a son of the late Major James S. Rollins. Mr. Rollins is a quiet, conservative, honorable citizen. His handsome home south of Columbia is one of the most delightful places in the county. He was born in Columbia March 8, 1852, and graduated from the State University in 1872 with the degree of Ph.B. He is a director in the Boone County National Bank and Boone County Milling and Elevator Company. In July, 1894, Governor Stone appointed Mr. Rollins a member of the board of curators of the State University, which position he fills faithfully and well. Mr. Rollins, though not active in politics, is a democrat. He is a vestryman in the Episcopal church. On January 25, 1882, Mr. Rollins married Miss Maggie B. Clarkson, daughter of John S. Clarkson. They have four children: Clarkson, Frank, James Sidney and Margaret. [See p. 62 for photo of G.B. Rollins.]

H.B. ROLLINS, merchant, is a son of Capt. James. H. Rollins, of this city. He was born in Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, September 6, 1865, but since 1878 has resided here. He was educated at Kemper Family School, Boonville, and Eastman’s Business College, Poughkeepsie, New York. He is a young gentleman of modest worth, industry and integrity. He is a democratic member of the city council and also belongs to the Episcopal church. Mr. Rollins was bookkeeper in the Boone county National Bank for two and a half years. He was then a member of the W.B. Nowell Grocery Company for three years. At present he is a stockholder in and bookkeeper for the Hubbell Dry Goods Company, a leading dry goods establishment of this city. He married on September 27, 1890, Miss Jennie McCune. They have three children: Helen, H.B., and James H., Jr. [See p. 62 for photo of H.B. Rollins.]

CAPT. JAMES H. ROLLINS, U.S.A., was born in Columbia, Missouri, in 1841. He graduated from the United States Military Academy June 17, 1862, and was appointed brevet 2d lieutenant 4th U.S. Artillery on that date; 2d lieutenant 2d Artillery July 24, 1862; was transferred to the Ordnance Department, U.S. Army, April 27, 1863, as 1st Lieut.; was brevetted captain March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services in the Ordnance Department during the civil war, and was made captain July 5, 1867. He was on duty at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, as instructor of artillery and infantry tactics, from June 17, 1862, to June 25, 1863; serve at Watervleit Arsenal, West Troy, New York, as Ordnance officer from July, 1863, to February, 1864; on duty in ordnance office, Washington, D.C., as assistant to the chief of Ordnance from February, 1864, to October, 1864; on duty at St. Louis Arsenal, St. Louis, Missouri, from November, 1864, to July, 1871, being in command of same from January to July, 1871; detached to Springfield and Chicago, Illinois, during the months of July and August, 1865 receiving the Ordnance and Ordnance stores of Illinois troops preparatory to their being mustered out of service. In command of U.S. Arsenal, August, Georgia, From July, 1871, to November, 1873; on duty at Watervleit Arsenal, West Troy, New York, from November, 1873, until retired from active service in 1883. Since his retirement from the army Capt. Rollins has been a resident of Columbia. His home is one of the most attractive in this place. Here he and Mrs. Rollins greet with delightful hospitality their troops of friends. Capt. Rollins is a delightful conversationalist and take a deep interest in all public affairs. He is a member and junior warden of the Calvary Episcopal church. Capt. And Mrs. Rollins have three children: H.B, Eulalie and Mrs. J.L. Sehon. [See p. 62 for photo of J.H. Rollins.]

J.H. SAMPSON, farmer and breeder Oxford-Down sheep and Berkshire hogs, was born in Richmond, Kentucky, April 6, 1818. Since 1839 Mr. Sampson has resided in Boone county, near Rocheport. Here in 1842 he married Miss Martha A. Woods. He has devoted his entire life to the care of his farm and stock and is a prosperous, honorable and manly citizen. Eleven children have been born to him: Richard Henry, Michael Woods, Mary Watkins, Martha Denny, Margaret Frances, Sarah Caroline, John Thomas, Julia Elizabeth, William Arthur, Walter Irvin and James D. (deceased). Mr. Sampson has been for many years clerk and deacon of the Walnut Grove Baptist church. He owns a large and well improved farm near Rocheport, on the Columbia and Rocheport gravel road. Mr. Sampson is a democrat. [See p. 73 for photo of J.H. Sampson.]

JAMES W. SCHWABE, farmer, was in 1895 the republican nominee for representative of Boone county in the Missouri General Assembly, and polled the largest vote ever received by a republican in this county for that office. He is a clever, pushing , prosperous young gentleman. He was born in this county, February 18, 1863, the son of Col. H. C. Schwabe. On November 29, 1893, he married Miss Maud Hatton. Mr. Schwabe owns a fine farm in Perche township and deals extensively in stock. He is a member of the Christian church, a Mason, an Odd Fellow and has been for years grand deputy of the Triple Alliance. [See p. 76 for photo of J.W. Schwabe.]

JOHN C. SCHWABE, real estate agent and auctioneer, is one of the most active citizens of Columbia, progressive and enterprising. He is a native of Howard county, the son of Col. H.C. Schwabe, but has resided in this city nearly all his life. Mr. Schwabe was a clerk in Columbia in his early days. In 1874 he was elected constable of Columbia on the democratic ticket and served three terms. From 1880 to 1882 Mr. Schwabe engaged in the business of meat-seller; from 1882 until 1884 he was in the grocery business. In the latter year he was appointed constable by the county court and was re-elected twice. Since November, 1888, Mr. Schwabe has been successfully engaged in the real estate and auctioneering business. He is in politics a democrat and in religion a Baptist. [See p. 61 for photo of J.C. Schwabe. And see p. 8 for photos of three children Mary G., Daisy M. and Laura J. Schwabe.]

PAUL SCHWEITZER, professor of agricultural chemistry and chemist at the agricultural experiment station, is one of the most distinguished scientists in this county. He has written exclusively on subjects connected with his specialty and always with the clearness and good sense for which he is noted. Dr. Schweitzer was born in Berlin, Germany, March 16, 1840. He attended the gymnasium at Berlin, the University at Berlin and the University at Goettengen, taking the degree of Ph. D. from the latter. From 1865 to 1872 Dr. Schweitzer was assistant in the School of Mines, Columbia College, New York. For the last twenty-two years Dr. Schweitzer has been connected with the University of the State of Missouri as professor of chemistry. No other professor has been in service longer and none has done more valuable work. Dr. Schweitzer’s ability and courtesy have made him most popular with the students. In 1894 he was transferred, at his own request, to his present position. Dr. Schweitzer married in 1870 in New York, Miss Sarah Howard. He is an Episcopalian in religion and in politics an independent. He has done much good work towards strengthening the University and making it a great institution. [See p. 42 for photo of Paul Schweitzer.]

WARWICK MARTIN SCOTT, grocery merchant, was born in Boone county, Missouri, October 8, 1846. He was educated at the University with the exception of a few months in Texas. Mr. Scott has been in the mercantile business in Columbia continuously since 1867. He is widely known as an energetic and obliging merchant. He married, October 8, 1878, Miss Annie B. Patton, of Vincennes, Indiana. They have four children and reside in an attractive home on Broadway. Mr. Scott is a member of the Christian church, a Mason, Knight Templar and a democrat. [See p. 60 for photo of W.M. Scott. And see p. 4 for photo of daughter Oliver Moffat Scott.]

C.B. SEBASTIAN, lawyer, was born in Cloverport, Kentucky, in 1852. He came with his parents, A.H. and Tabitha Sebastian, to Boone county in 1854. Mr. Sebastian graduated from the law department of the University in 1876. Since that time by ability, integrity and unflagging industry he has risen in the ranks of his chosen profession until he is now one of the leading lawyers of Central Missouri. Mr. Sebastian was prosecuting attorney of Boone county in 1883 and 1884. He is a Mason, Knight Templar and has for several years been Eminent Commander of the St. Grael Commandery, No. 12. He is a member and trustee of the Columbia Southern Methodist church and is an unswerving democrat. In January, 1887, Mr. Sebastian married Miss Eugenia Garner, of Richmond. They have two children, Mattie R., aged 6 years, and Henry Garner, aged 4 years. Their home is one of the handsomest in Columbia. [See p. 34 for photo of C.B. Sebastian.]

WILLIAM I. SEXTON, contractor and builder, son of Charles E. and Lizzie Sexton, was born in Boone county, Missouri, November 30, 1836. He was educated at Lathrop Academy and Central College. Mr. Sexton has resided in Nebraska, Rocheport and, since 1872, in Columbia. He has been forty years a carpenter and there are few, if any, better mechanics in Missouri. In 1856 Mr. Sexton married Miss Mary Bowman, who died n 1876. In 1884 he married Miss Alice Elliott. He has five children: Ella Parmer, in Riverside, California, George, in St. Louis, Nallie Doak and Lida Baumgartner, in Riverside, California, Miller, in Columbia. Mr. Sexton is a democrat, Methodist and member of the Triple Alliance. [See p. 61 for photo of W.I. Sexton.]

JAMES M. SHAEFER, of the firm of Baker, Robinson & Co., grocerymen, was born in Huntsville, Randolph county, Missouri, on January 18, 1850. He is the son of J.C. Sheafer and was educated in Mt. Pleasant College. On October 15, 1874, he married Miss Mollie Stephenson. They have two children: Harry and Clyde. Mr. Shaefer held office in the A.O.U.W., he is an active Methodist and secretary of the quarterly conference. In September, 1893, he became a member of the firm of Baker, Robinson & Co., and has aided in making that establishment popular and successful. He is a democrat. [See p. 61 for photo of J.M. Shaefer.]

REV. THOMAS EDWIN SHARP, pastor of the Columbia M.E. church, South, was born in Bloomington, Missouri, 1856. His father designed him for a lawyer and his mother for a minister. He studied law for some time but finding it not to his taste went into business. This he left on a conviction of a call to preach. Mr. Sharp attended public school, also private school in Tennessee and graduated from Poole’s College. He was licensed to preach in the Methodist church, July 16, 1888. R. Sharp graduated in the four years theological course of study while serving as pastor. He has been pastor of Methodist churches at Vandalia and Maryville, and is now serving the third year of his pastorate in Columbia, where he preaches with much acceptability and great power. More than 500 persons have united with the church under Mr. Sharp’s six years ministry. He is a strong, forceful preacher, universally esteemed. At the last conference Mr. Sharp was appointed chairman of the committee on the examination for the next course of study to examine young preachers. He is also a member of the board of missions of the conference and chairman of the committee to visit Howard-Payne College. On the eleventh day of May, 1875, Mr. Sharp married Miss Linnie Harrison, in Callaway county. [See p. 32 for photo of Rev. T.E. Sharp.]

A.H. SHEPHERD, dairyman, was born February 29, 1856, in Hartford, Trimble county, Ohio. He came to Missouri in 1868, locating in Saline county. He attended the State University and, in January, 1885, came to Boone county to reside. He had been engaged in dairying in Saline county and follows the same occupation here. His dairy farm near Columbia is one of the finest in the state. On February 16, 1882, Mr. Shepherd married Miss Alice Thompson, daughter of Judge S.W. Thompson, of Saline county. They have four children: Norton, Olive, Clyde and Lucy Cyrene. Mr. Shepherd is a republican in politics and a worthy, respected citizen. [See p. 78 for photo of A.H. Shepherd.]

JAMES M. SHERMAN, superintendent of the Columbia Water and Electric Light plant, has been since 1893 a resident of this city. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and came to Missouri in 1877. He was first employed by Henry R. Worthington, in the largest pumping machine house in the world. After he came to Missouri he was in the employ, for six years, of the Pond Engineering Company, in St. Louis. In previous years he was superintendent of the construction of waterworks at Dallas, Texas, Moberly, Missouri, and East St. Louis, Illinois. He also superintended the extension of a twenty million gallon pumping plant in St. Louis. Mr. Sherman is a skilled mechanical engineer. He is a member of the Presbyterian church and a Knight of Pythias. He is an affable and courteous gentleman and has made friends of all his acquaintances. Mr. Sherman is married and has four children. [See p. 65 for photo of J.M. Sherman.]

ELDER JOHN SAMUEL SHOUSE, Christian preacher, who resigned the position of pastor of the Columbia church in November, 1894, has accepted the pastorate of the Mexico Christian church, the largest in that thriving city. Mr. Shouse, was born in Woodford county, Kentucky, May 18, 1840. He attended college at Georgetown, Kentucky, and Kentucky University, then at Harrodsburg. Mr. Shouse preached his first sermon in the town where he was born and brought up, and where he first confessed Christ. He was called as regular pastor of the Christian church at Midway, Kentucky, and continued there seventeen years. He was afterwards for eleven years pastor of the church at Lexington. He was called to act as financial agent of Kentucky University, Midway Orphan School and Lexington Bible School in which work he continued eighteen months. While thus engaged he was called to the pastorate of the Columbia Christian church. Here he did splendid service n the cause of righteousness. He is an earnest and effective preacher and a noble Christian man. Mr. Shouse married on August 9, 1865, Miss Anna W. Armstrong. They have had six children of whom there are five now living: Lucretia, William, Mary, Paul, Jewett and Angie. [See p. 31 for photo of Elder J.S. Shouse.]

ROBERT H. SMITH, dealer in meat, has had a long and successful career. He is a good man, well liked by all who know him, and of high character. He is the son of William Smith, and was born May 17, 1821, in Millersburg, Bourbon county, Kentucky. With the exception of 1849 and 1850, when Mr. Smith was in the west he has been a resident of Boone county, Missouri, since 1842. In 1842 Mr. Smith married Miss Martha A. McCutcheon, after whose death he married Miss Caroline Cave in 1850, who died in 1890. He has no children living. Mr. Smith is a Mason, a Baptist and a democrat. In 1872 and 1873 he was collector of Boone county. In 1844 Mr. Smith ran a water mill three miles northeast of Columbia. In 1848 and 1849 he managed the first circular saw mill in New Mexico. In 1850 he operated a saw mill south of Columbia. Two years later he added a water mill. In 1856 Mr. Smith built a steam mill northeast of Columbia. In 1860 he built the old Columbia flouring mill since burned. From 1870 to 1872 he was in the milling business in Rocheport. He was next a miller in Columbia, selling out to W.T. Anderson and Geo. W. Henderson. Mr. Smith then engaged in the horse and mule trade. The years, 1890 to 1892, he spent in the lumber business in California. Returning to Columbia he engaged in the meat business. [See p. 61 for photo of R.H. Smith. His full name was Robert Hudson Smith - ed.]

LIEUT. SAMUEL A. SMOKE, lately professor of military science and tactics in the State University, was born in Columbia county, Florida, February 11, 1863. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, June 11, 1883, and graduated June 11, 1887. He was appointed additional second lieutenant in the 6th infantry, United States Army, and joined his regiment at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, October 1, 1887, at which place he was promoted to the second lieutenancy in the 18th infantry. The same month, October, 1887, he was ordered to Denver and was two years at Fort Logan. Here he served as first post adjutant, post treasurer, ordnance officer, signal officer, recruiting officer, post commissary and post quartermaster. In August, 1889, he was ordered to investigate the alleged Ute trouble in the White River country, Colorado, and for his success was one of two officers to be commended in orders from headquarters of the army, issued February 24, 1891, distinguishing for energy, enterprise and good judgment. In Sept. 1889, Lieutenant Smoke joined the Infantry and Cavalry School for officers at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, graduating in June, 1891. While here he married on September 22, 1890, Miss Susie Trimble, daughter of George W. Trimble, of Columbia. At the expiration of his graduating leave Lieutenant Smoke joined his regiment on September 1, 1891, at Fort Clark, Texas. In the spring of 1892 his company was ordered to Fort McIntosh, Laredo, Texas. Here he constructed the target range six miles down the river and for a time commanded a troop of cavalry in the Garza trouble. He was selected to represent his regiment in the rifle department competition at Fort Clark, Texas, and was the winner of a bronze medal. Making the highest score of any officer on the department team he was selected to command the army team in the army competition at Fort Sheridan, September, 1892. While on this duty he was appointed professor of military science and tactics in the University of Missouri, from which position he was transferred in January, 1895, at his own request, to Fort White, Florida, that he might be near his invalid mother. While here he was promoted to first lieutenant. [See p. 43 for photo of S.A. Smoke.]

REV. F.W. SNEED, until recently pastor of the Columbia Presbyterian church, was born in Sedalia, Missouri, April 22, 1862. He was educated at Westminster College, Fulton, and McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago. He was called to the pastorate of the Riverside (Illinois) Presbyterian church upon leaving the Seminary. He remained there four years. The church at Columbia extended him a unanimous call, though he had never visited this city nor had any member of the church heard him preach. Here he remained nearly three years. During this time the congregation built a $30,000 stone church building, and there were 115 persons added to the membership. Mr. Sneed is a man of winning personality, frank, unselfish, and thoroughly conscientious. As a preacher he is earnest, forceful and eloquent. After declining other and flattering calls, Mr. Sneed, in December last, accepted the pastorate of the First Presbyterian church at Minneapolis, one of the strongest in the northwest. His congregation in Columbia, and the entire community, deeply regretted his departure, for few ministers had more friends. [See p. 33 for photo of Rev. F.W. Sneed.]

MRS. LUELLA WILCOX ST. CLAIR, president of Christian College, is the first woman ever made college president in Missouri. Her administration has been a distinguished success and students and friends of the college alike praise her ability, courtesy and thorough consecration to her work. Born in Virden, Illinois, June 26, 1865, the daughter of Seymour Wilcox, she has received a liberal education. She was valedictorian of the class of 1883 at Virden High School. In 1885, she graduated at Hamilton Female College, Lexington, Kentucky. For the last two years she was managing editor of the college paper and teacher in the college. She studied medicine for about a year in Cleveland, Ohio. On September 1, 1886, she married Prof. F.P. St. Clair. He died while president of Christian College in 1892, leaving one daughter. Mrs. St. Clair taught three years in Colorado. She is a member of the Christian church, a woman of rate talent. On November 23, 1893, she was elected to her present position. [See p. 31 for photo of Mrs. L.W. St. Clair.]

W.S. ST. CLAIR, professor of ethics and moral philosophy in Christian College, has been, since 1893, a resident of Columbia and has won many friends during that time. He was born January 20, 1860, in Wellsburg, Virginia. He was educated in the famous Bethany College, graduating in the classic course in1882, the ministerial course in 1883, and taking the A.M. degree in 1884. Prof. St. Clair has preached in Clarence, New York, Granville, Pennsylvania, Pueblo, Colorado, and Denver, Colorado. He was valedictorian of the American Literary Society in Bethany class of 1882. He is a prominent Odd Fellow and delivered the anniversary address before an assembly of all the lodges in Pueblo in 1891. On Dec. 17, 1890, Prof. St. Clair married Miss Louise Climenson, of Topeka, Kansas. [See p. 45 for photo of W.S. St. Clair.]

GEORGE J. STAMPFLI, editor of the M.S.U. Tiger, graduated from the Jefferson City (Missouri) High School in 1891. He took the B.E. course in the University of Missouri, then entering the law department, in which he is now a student. He is a director in the Missouri University Athletic Association. Mr. Stampfli will graduate from the University in 1896. He is a member of Phi Delta Theta and Phi Delta Phi fraternities. [See p. 37 for photo of G.J. Stampfli.]

JAMES L. STEPHENS, retired merchant, was born in Garrard county, Kentucky, November 17, 1815, and removed with his father, Elijah Stephens, in the fall of 1819, to Boone county, Missouri. He worked on his father’s farm and attended school until 1836 when he entered the dry goods store of Parker & Barr, as clerk. He has since resided in Columbia with the exception of a year in New York, two years in Greensburg, Indiana and one year in Fulton and Mexico. In 1843 he conducted dry goods business in Columbia, Fulton and Mexico, three county seats. He inaugurated the first successful cash system in business in Central Missouri. While engaged largely in merchandising he was also an extensive farmer and sold annually for twenty yeears from 300 to 500 head of mules. Few, if any, of Columbia’s business men have done more to extend the business of Columbia. None has been more generous towards public improvements. He endowed Stephens College with $20,000, giving other large sums towards its enlargement and the General Baptist Association, to which this institution for the Christian education of young women belongs, recognized his liberality by bestowing upon it in 1870 his name. Mr. Stephens was largely instrumental in the building of the gravel road system in the promotion of the University’s interests, in construction of railroads and erection of churches and schools. His success in business has not lessened his benefactions, which during his life have exceeded $100,000. He married on February 6, 1844, Miss Amelia Hockaday, of Fulton. They have two children, E.W. Stephens, of Columbia, and Mrs. S.K. Smith, of St. Louis. In 1880 Mr. Stephens was elected State senator upon the democratic ticket from the district composed of Audrain, Boone and Callaway counties. He is a member of the Baptist church, a democrat and now retired from active business life, resides at his pleasant home in the town for the advancement of which he has done so much.   [See p. 9 for photo of James L. Stephens, Sr.]

JAMES L. STEPHENS, JR., prosecuting attorney of Boone county, graduated from the law department of the University in 1887, and immediately entered upon the practice of law in Centralia. He received the democratic nomination for prosecuting attorney over strong opponents in 1892 and again in 1894, distancing all opposition. He was, of course, elected to the office and has been faithful and conscientious in the discharge of its duties. Mr. Stephens was born near Columbia, in Boone county, May 6, 1859, his father removing to Centralia at the close of the civil war. He is the son of Dr. J.H. Stephens and Maggie Stephens. On January 22, 1890, he married Miss Mamie M. Gove. They have three children: Georgie Belle, Mary and Ruth. Mr. Stephens attended school in Centralia, Kirksville and Columbia, and after leaving he Normal school at Kirksville, taught three terms. He is a Baptist, democrat and Knight of Pythias. He is a successful campaigner and has many friends among all classes of people. [See p. 26 for photo of J.L. Stephens, Jr.; and p. 9 for a photo of daughter Georgie Belle Stephens.]

SAMUEL M. STEVINSON, of the firm of Stevinson & Guitar, grocerymen, was born in Boone county, September 29, 1862, the son of Maj. S.M. and E.A. Stevinson. Educated in the district schools, he has been a grocery merchant twelve years, pushing and sturdy. He married Miss Mollie Shobe, of this county, October 30, 1890. They have two children, Lily and Susan. In politics Mr. Stevinson is a democrat and in religion a member of the Christian church. [See p. 61 for photo of S.M. Stevinson.]

ALEXANDER STEWART, painter and paper-hanger, is a native of Scotland, the name of which country is synonomous [sic] with thrift, integrity and modest worth. Mr. Stewart was born in Paisley, May 6, 1845. In 1875 he came to American and three years later to Columbia. Mr. Stewart is the son of Alexander and Christina Stewart, and was educated in Scotland. On May 15, 1890, he married Miss Jeanie Brown, of Paisley, his own native town. He has been for sixteen years engaged in his present business and the establishment he owns and the work he does compares favorably with that in larger cities. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, a Presbyterian and a republican. [See p. 63 for photo of Alexander Stewart.]

JOHN A. STEWART, stock trader and farmer, came to Boone county a barefooted boy, working for small wages. He now owns 400 acres of land and, in November, 1894, was elected judge of the Boone county court for the southern district of Boone county. Mr. Stewart was born in Knox county, Kentucky, in March, 1861, the son of Anderson and Jane Stewart. He came to Boone county in 1877. In 1887 he married Miss Laura E. Williamson. They have two children: Clyde A. and Mary J. Mr. Stewart lives five miles west of Columbia, is an extensive dealer in stock, an enthusiastic advocate of good roads and a prosperous farmer. He is a steward in the Mt. Nebo Methodist church. [See p. 25 for photo of John A. Stewart.]

JAMES T. STOCKTON, sheriff of Boone county, was born in Bourbon township, this county, April 10, 1847. At the age of 4 years Mr. Stockton was taken to Randolph county, remaining there fifteen years. Since that time he has been a resident of Boone county, with the exception of four years in Audrain county. While in Audrain county he served as constable and deputy sheriff. Mr. Stockton is the son of Thomas and America Stockton, and has eight sisters and two brothers. The entire family is living except the father, who about one year ago, a the age of 82, passed over the river. On January 1, 1870, Mr. Stockton married Miss Clara Hulen, of Rockyfork township. She died in October, 1870, and on August 14, 1877, he married Miss Mary Barclay. They have five children: Josie, Elbert, Clyde, Avie and Bessie. Mr. Stockton served as deputy sheriff under W.I. Roberts for four years and was last November elected sheriff on the democratic ticket without opposition. Mr. Stockton was educated in the common schools of Boone and Randolph counties. He is a Mason, Odd Fellow and member of the Triple Alliance. Mr. Stockton is a member of the Christian church. His many friends confidently predict for him a successful administration as sheriff of the county. [See p. 27 for photo of James T. Stockton.]

HARRY E. STONE, agent of the firm of K.K. Ashley & Co., dealers in poultry and eggs, Centralia, is a pushing and shrewd young business man. He was born in Eureka, Illinois, January 7, 1871, and educated in Illinois schools. He is a son of John W. Stone. He came to Centralia, Missouri, December 30, 1892. After two years in the grocery business Mr. Stone entered upon his present occupation. He is a Knight of Pythias and a bachelor. [See p. 80 for photo of H.E. Stone.]

JACOB W. STRAWN, senior member of the firm of Strawn, Rogers & Co., dealers in dry goods, was born in Boone county, October 9, 1839. He has been engaged in the dry goods business in Columbia thirty-seven years and is one of the town’s conservative and most esteemed citizens. He is a deacon in the Christian church. On January 14, 1868, Mr. Strawn married Miss Alice E. Maupin, who died Feb. 14, 1890, leaving five children: Leslie M., Emma L., Stella M., Joseph Edwin and Evelyn. Mr. Strawn is a democrat. [See p. 61 for photo of J.W. Strawn. And see p. 9 for a photo of his grandson, James Kimbrough Strawn, son of Leslie M. Strawn.]

LEWIS M. SWITZLER, judge of the probate court of Boone county, Missouri, is the son of Simeon and Elizabeth Switzler, being the youngest of a family of eleven children. He was born in Howard county, Missouri, on his father’s farm, six miles south of the city of Fayette, on the Fayette and Boonville road, on the twentieth of June, 1841. His father was a farmer and trader, and for a time a merchant at Fayette, having shortly after his marriage to Elizabeth Cornelius removed with his wife from Kentucky to Missouri, about the year 1823. Lewis M. Switzler received the first of his education at the country schools located in the neighborhood of the place of his birth, alternately working on the farm and going to school. In 1857 his mother removed to Huntsville, Randolph county, Missouri, his father being at the time a miner in the gold regions of California. In the same year Mr. Pleasant College, an education institution established and maintained by the Baptist denomination, was opened in Huntsville, the great Baptist minister and orator, Wm. Thompson, being its first president; and Lewis M. Switzler was the first student enrolled in this college. After completing nearly the whole curriculum of the college, he came to Columbia in the fall of the year 1860, and entered the State University as a student, B.B. Minor, LL.D., being then president. After completing the greater part of the academic course in the University, he commenced the study of law in 1864, in the law office of Boyle & Wellington Gordon, in Columbia, and was soon after admitted to practice law in the United States and state courts, and for many succeeding years pursued the practice of his profession, locating in Columbia. For a number of years Judge Switzler was connected with the Missouri Statesman as assistant editor, and afterward, for a time, he was editor of that journal. In 1872 he entered the senior class of the law department of the Missouri University, and graduated in that department in June, 1873, Judge Philemon Bliss, now deceased, being then dean of the law faculty. This was the first year of the existence of the law department of this institution, and there were only five graduates. Judge Switzler was selected by the law faculty as one of the orators to represent his class on commencement day, and delivered the first law oration ever delivered in the university, by a law graduate of the institution. For a number of years after his graduation he was on the board of examiners in this important department of the University. It was the duty of this board annually to conduct an examination of the members of the senior class to test their fitness for graduation. Judge Switzler, prior to the time he was a candidate for the position he now holds, was never a candidate for any state or county office before the people. For a time he occupied the office of recorder of Columbia, and was afterwards for a number of years city attorney. In 1892 Judge W.W. Garth having resigned the office of judge of the probate court, Judge Switzler was appointed by Gov. D.R. Francis to fill the vacancy until the succeeding election in November of that year, and at that election was elected to the office after encountering strong opposition in the preceding democratic primary from opposing candidates for the nomination. His petition to the governor for appointment to the position was the largest ever sent out of the county in recommendation of any person for an office. At the democratic primary election held on June 9, 1894, he received the nomination for this office, without opposition, for a four-year term, his past occupancy of the place having been for part of an unexpired term. At the election on November 6th, last, he was elected for a full term, to begin January 1, 1895. In politics, he has always been a democrat, uniformly and without intermission, never having supported any other party or ticket. On August 30, 1893, Judge Switzler married in Peoria, Illinois, Miss Nellie T. Barrett, daughter of the late T.J. Barrett, of this county, and now resides happily with his wife at his residence int eh eastern part of this city.   [See p. 26 for photo of Lewis M. Switzler.]
WILLIAM F. SWITZLER, editor of the Boonville Missouri Democrat, was for fifty years an editor in Columbia and one of the town’s most prominent citizens. Any historical edition of a Columbia newspaper would be incomplete without some mention of his life. Col. Switzler was born in Fayette county, Kentucky, March 16, 1819. When a boy he came with his father’s family in 1826 to Fayette, Howard county, Missouri; went to school in Fayette to Lawrence Daley. He was also a pupil at a school at Fayette taught by the late Captain John T. Cleveland, a relative of President Cleveland. In 1830 he moved with his father’s family to a farm midway between Boonville and Fayette, and adjoining the farm now owned by Col. J.R. Estill; went to school and worked on the farm; studied law under the instruction of the late Judge Abiel Leonard of Fayette, and came to Columbia in 1841 to pursue his legal studies; was admitted to the bar by Judge John D. Leland and practiced law for four of five years. He became the editor of the Patriot, in Columbia, in 1841 and established the Columbia Statesman in 1843 and conducted it continuously until 1885, when he was appointed chief of the Bureau of Statistics at Washington, which position he held until a few months after the inauguration of President Harrison. He achieved a national reputation as a statistician and no incumbent of the office ever attained greater distinction in it than Colonel Switzler. He has frequently been a member of the legislature, and was a member of the two conventions (1865 and 1875) that formed constitutions for the state, and in the latter was chairman of the committee on education and had large agency in formulating the article (11th) to be found in the constitution on that subject. In addition to his long and distinguished career as a political editor and writer on literary subjects, he has been actively engaged as a political speaker in every canvass for the last forty years and is universally regarded as among the best informed writers and speakers in Missouri. His methods are concise, clear and forceful, and his memory of men and events, faces, names and dates is phenomenal. No man in the state is higher authority on Missouri history, and he is the author of many papers and a large work on this subject. He is one of the best known, most industrious and well preserved men of his age in the state, and is now editor and manger of the Boonville Missouri Democrat, and is as actively engaged in professional and literary labor as at any time in his life. Col. Switzler is a teetotaller from birth, is a strong temperance man and a member of the Presbyterian church. In August, 1843, he married Miss Mary Jane Royall, of Columbia, who died September 11, 1879, leaving three children: Irvin, Warren (now of Omaha, Nebraska) and Camilla (now Mrs. J.S. Branham of Columbia). We have drawn freely upon Col. Switzler’s historical writings in the preparation of this edition. [See p. 73 for photo of W.F. Switzler.]

HENRY HERBERT TANDY, of Tandy Bros., dealers in agricultural implements, harness, buggies and seeds, was born in Boone county, June 21, 1861. Educated in the district schools, he farmed until 1887, then engaged in the meat business for four years. Mr. Tandy next invested in a Southwest Missouri fruit farm in which he is still interested. Since June, 1893, he has been engaged in his present occupation. He has also been buyer and shipper of stock for the past ten years. Mr. Tandy is a democrat, member of Baptist church and unmarried. [See p. 63 for photo of H.H. Tandy.]

JOHN LEWIS TANDY, farmer and member of the firm of Tandy Brothers, dealers in agricultural implements, is one of the energetic and worthy citizens of Boone county. Here he was born July 8, 1868, a son of Adrian Tandy. He was educated in the public schools, the Northwestern Business College at Stanberry and the Missouri Agricultural College. He is clerk of the Bethel Baptist church, a democrat and a bachelor. Mr. Tandy invented in 1890 the Columbia corn thinner, a patent which is of much value to farmers. [See p. 63 for photo of J.L. Tandy.]

S.B. TAYLOR, agent of the Chicago & Alton railroad at Centralia, has given general satisfaction in that position both to the company and its patrons. He is hardworking and obliging. Mr. Taylor has been in the employ of the C. & A. Road for seven years, and has worked on every division. He was stationed at Marshall and Higginsville before his promotion to Centralia. Mr. Taylor was born in Swan Creek, Ohio, on October 26, 1868, and attended school in Chambersburg, that state. He is a Knight of Pythias, a Methodist, and a member of the Telegraphers’ Mutual Benefit Association. Mr. Taylor is a bachelor. [See p. 77 for photo of S.B. Taylor.]

REV. SAM FRANK TAYLOR, president of Stephens College, is known and esteemed in every portion of Missouri by brother Baptists and other devoted friends. He is a fine business man, a good preacher and a gentleman. Mr. Taylor is the son of Daniel G. and Martha King Taylor, of Henry county, Virginia, and was born in the Old Dominion—mother of presidents of colleges as well as presidents of states—May 30, 1851. He attended Richmond College, Richmond, Virginia was at Crozier Theological Seminary one year and two years at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Mr. Taylor was pastor at Paris, Kentucky, from 1878 to 1882; at Columbus, Mississippi, from 1882 to 1885; and, from 1885 to 1890, in Columbia. During this time the church planned its present fine edifice. In 1890 he was elected corresponding secretary of the home department of the Missouri Baptist board of Home and Foreign Missions. After fifteen months service in this position he resigned to accept a call to the Liberty Baptist church. Here he remained until last June, when he took the presidency of Stephens College. Mr. Taylor has been four years secretary of the Missouri Baptist General Association. On June 15, 1875, at Charleston, West Virginia, he married Miss Ella Burdette, daughter of John S. Burdette, and the niece of Judge Waldo P. Johnson, of Missouri. They have five children: Rosa Myrtle, Abbe Mae, Burdette King, Callie Lucile and Charles Howard. [See p. 30 for photo of President S.F. Taylor.]

HENRY CLAY THRELKELD, proprietor of the Globe Hotel, Centralia, is one of the cleverest and most widely known landlords in the state. He was born in Blackfoot, Boone county, October 31, 1844, was educated in the district schools and made his home in Columbia township until March 4, 1866. At that date he located in Centralia. He had but 25 cents, and went to work on the railroad and later was teamster. For nine years he was merchandising. Then he went into the hotel business, following this for three or four years; selling out he entered mercantile life again. On January 1, 1887, he took charge of the Globe Hotel and has since been its proprietor. There is but one man in Centralia who can claim longer residence in that place than Mr. Threlkeld and none has been more actively identified with the enterprises of the town. He has for years been one of the town board. Mr. Threlkeld has been three times married. His first wife was Miss March Enochs, of Renick, Missouri, whom he married May 11, 1870. She dying January 23, 1871, he married Miss Mattie Porter, a native of Belleville Canada. She was the mother of two children, Laura E. and Walter C., and died October 14, 1890. Mr. Threlkeld married his present wife, (formerly Miss Amanda Ross of Warrensburg, Missouri,) September 15, 1892. Mr. Threlkeld is a Mason and K. of P. He is an aggressive, enterprising and successful citizen. [See p. 72 for photo of H.C. Threlkeld.]

O.H. TIEDE, teacher of music, is a native of Elkport, Iowa, where he was born January 3, 1866. He resided two years in Germany. Prof. Tiede was educated in Dubuque, Iowa, Chicago and Germany. He taught music in Pike College, Bowling Green, from 1884 to 1887, in Christian College, Columbia, from 1887 to 1893 and in the fall of 1883 established the Columbia College of Music and Oratory. Prof. Tiede is a musician of much merit and an enterprising citizen. He married, June 24, 1888, Miss Evalyne Bryant. Prof. Tiede has several flattering offers to accept the headship of music schools elsewhere. [See p. 45 for photo of O.H. Tiede.]

MARY HAMILTON TILLERY, [girl six months old, is shown in a photograph on p. 81 . The Table of Contents identifies her as the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. E.R. Tillery but but no corresponding biographical sketch is found in the text. From census records Ed. R. and Cora N. Tillery and daughter are living on East Broadway, Columbia, in 1900.]

W.C. TINDALL, professor of mathematics in the State university, is a native Missourian. He was born in Howard county, and is the son of James H. and Juliet Tindall. Prof. Tindall removed to Columbia in 1881 and, on June 24, 1886, married Miss Lucy Gentry. They have one child, Richard. Prof. Tindall graduated from the Missouri University in 1881 with the degree of B.S. In 1885 he took the degree of M.S. and, at Harvard in 1894, he received A.M. As a teacher Prof. Tindall, by ability and application, has steadily worked his way upward. In 1881 he was made assistant in mathematics at his alma mater; in 1883, assistant professor, in 1889 associate professor, and in 1894 professor of mathematics. Prof. Tindall has prosecuted extensively studies and researches in various special branches of mathematics especially in the Higher Geometry and the theory of Invariants and Covariants and ranks well among educators. He is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In religious belief, Prof. Tindall is a Presbyterian. [See p. 43 for photo of W.C. Tindall; and see p. 5 for photo of son Richard G. Tindall.]

ROBERT LEVI TODD, cashier of the Exchange National Bank of Columbia, has resided in Columbia continuously longer than any other citizen. His biography is interwoven with the history of much that is the best and most worthy of remembrance here. Mr. Todd was born in Boone county, March 24, 1822. His father was Roger North Todd, first clerk of Boone county. His parents were both natives of Fayette county, Kentucky. Mr. Todd was educated in the private schools of Columbia, at Dr. Holts’s school on Thrall’s Prairie, in the western part of the county and afterwards at the University. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar in Columbia. He was elected the first tutor in the University in April, 1846, but, on the death of his father, who had been clerk of the circuit court of Boone county for twenty-five years, was appointed to that office, and held it, by repeated re-elections, for twenty-one years. He was then elected cashier of the Exchange National Bank, a position he has filled acceptably for twenty-eight years. He was the first valedictorian of the university, a member of the first graduating class, delivered the first address before he alumni association in 1852, was the representative of the alumni to deliver the farewell address to President Lathrop in 1849 and the one to President Read in 1876, was elected by a joint vote of the two houses of the General Assembly in 1860, curator of the University and continued by subsequent re-elections for about fifteen years. He was for twenty-five years secretary of the board of curators, was one of the commissioners appointed by act of the General Assembly to see that Boone county complied with the conditions of the act locating an agricultural and mechanical college in connection with the University. Mr. Todd has been for forty years an elder in the Presbyterian church of Columbia and is one of the staunchest defenders of the faith. He is a republican in political belief. In 1893 he delivered the address at the semi-centennial celebration of the University’s first graduating class. In 1850 Mr. Todd married Miss Sallie, daughter of Rev. Nathan H. Hall, who died in 1863; in 1866 he married a cousin of his first wife, Miss Martha, daughter of Dr. B.F. Edwards, of Kirkwood. Mr. Todd has seven children. Such is an outline sketch of the life of one of Columbia’s most revered citizens, a man of integrity, scholarship and fine sense. [See p. 62 for photo of R.L. Todd.]

GEORGE W. TRIMBLE, judge of the Boone county court, was born in Fort Henry, Randolph county, Missouri, July 21, 1839. His father moved to Missouri from Trimble county, Kentucky, at an early day. Judge Trimble came to Columbia July 4, 1855, and entered the dry goods house of J. Kirkbride as a clerk. Five years later he became a member of the firm and so continued until 1888 when the dry goods house of Trimble, Fyfer & Co., went out of business after a successful career. He has always been a fine business man. He is accurate, a believer in order and law, conscientious and of the highest character. He has always been a democrat. He served two terms from 1884 to 1888, as treasurer of Boone county, has been several times member of the city council and was nominated in 1894 over strong competitors, to the office of judge of the county court for the northern district of Boone county. He was elected without opposition in November. He is making a splendid officer. On November 12, 1867, Judge Trimble married Miss Mattie Duncan, daughter of the later Dr. Wm. H. Duncan, of Columbia. They have two children, Susie, wife of First Lieutenant S.A. Smoke of the regular army of the United States, and Margaret Allen. Judge Trimble is a Baptist and was treasurer of the Baptist General Association of Missouri for years. [See p. 25 for photo of G.W. Trimble.]

GEORGE F. TROXELL, undertaker and seller of furniture, was born in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, April 20, 1855, removing to St. Louis in 1876 and to Columbia in 1880. He is the son of Simon and Eliza Troxell and was educated in Muhlenberg College, Gregory’s Academy and Allentown Military Academy, Pennsylvania. Mr. Troxell served three years apprenticeship as cabinet maker under B.F. Wonderly, and took a course of instruction in the Oriental Embalming School of Boston. He is a finished workman and successful merchant. In September, 1888, Mr. Troxell married Miss Belle Alexander. They have two children, Mattie Agnes and Alexander Richard. Mr. Troxell is a member of the Columbia Presbyterian church. [See p. 64 for photo of George F. Troxell. Photos of his two children are on p. 9.]

CLARENCE TRUITT, proprietor of the Columbia Telephone Exchange, was born in Callaway county, Missouri June 28, 1870. He came to Columbia in August, 1888, and attended the State University, graduating in electrical engineering. Mr. Truitt is a son of William H. Truitt, Sr., and is a young man of enterprise, ability and integrity. [See p. 63 for photo of Clarence Truitt.]

WILLIAM H. TRUITT, SR., farmer and trader, was born May 29, 1832, in Callaway county, Missouri, twelve miles east of Columbia. He resided there, engaged in farming and trading, until 1888, when he removed to Columbia. He now lives in a beautiful new residence on Broadway, but still retains his farm interests. He was a year or two engaged in the agricultural implement business in this city. He has been for eight years a director in the Exchange National Bank. Mr. Truitt is a Baptist. He was one of the original “Forty-Niners” who crossed the plains in pursuit of gold. He is a democrat and has never held public office. Mr. Truitt is a shrewd, far-seeing trader who has been quite successful in business. On February 8, 1859, he married Miss Ann E. Pemberton. They had eight children, six of whom are now living: Walter T., Wm. H., Jr. Clarence, Nora, Rella and Roy. [See p. 64 for photo of W.H. Truitt, Sr..]

WILLIAM H. TRUITT, JR., lawyer, was bor in Millersburg, Callaway county, Missouri, September 15, 1865, removing to Columbia in December, 1887. Mr. Truitt graduated from the University law department and has practiced law in Columbia successfully since September, 1889. He is clerk of the Baptist church, a democrat and a Knight of Pythias. On June 23, 1891, he married Miss Nellie Ellis, of this city. They have two children. Mr. Truitt is an estimable young gentleman of shrewdness and good sense. He has one of the prettiest cottage homes in Columbia. [See p. 34 for photo of W.H. Truitt, Jr.]

DR. A.J. TUCKER, the subject of this sketch, may be truthfully classed as one of Columbia’s most prominent professional men. For the past three years he has spent from two to three months in Columbia each year, devoting his time to the practice of his profession as an eye specialist, and giving to our citizens the results of his experience and skill.
     The doctor has been successful in his chosen work; always professional and courteous, he has never used those methods whereby the traveling fakir imposes upon a credulous public. He is an experienced oculist, and every operation which can be performed upon the delicate organ of sight, he has performed with skill and correctness. During his stay in Columbia he has fitted over 450 pair of glasses. The doctor believes, and no doubt justly, that over one-half of the nervous trouble which to-day affects the people may be traced to derangement of the eye and its delicate nerves in immediate connection with the brain. He says that over 30 per cent of the civilized world have weak or defective eyes, caused by an artificial use of that organ which was not originally designed by nature for such purposes. The eye of the business and professional man is subjected to strains and abuses which result in more damage than a lifetime’s natural use would produce. Hence the usefulness of Dr. Tucker’s profession–the necessity for the years of careful study which have enabled him to cope with these diseases successfully.
     Dr. Andrew Jackson Tucker is yet a young man, having been born in Burton county, Kentucky, March 17, 1859. He is proud of the place of his birth, but like so many sons of “The Dark and Bloody Ground,” he removed from that state in youth. In 1864, when the future physician and oculist was but five years old, his parents went to Illinois to reside, but captivated with the stories of the agricultural wealth of the kingdom by the Platte, they turned their faces toward Nebraska, and in 1873 settled at Falls City, in that state. There the doctor attended school. On the plans of the west he imbibed much of that broad sympathy and freedom in social intercourse which is so necessary to one in his profession. In 1876 he graduated from the Falls City high school, and for several years wielded the birch and moulded the minds of the state’s growing but cosmopolitan population. Although school teaching was congenial to the doctor, he was too ambitious to make it his life calling—from a financial point of view—and in 1879 he entered the drug and jewelry business. From the start he made money, but he devoted his time to the elaborate science of medicine. He had received his preliminary training in the drug store, which well fitted him for the courses in the St. Louis and Lake Forrest University and the celebrated Rush Medical College of Chicago. But the doctor was not satisfied with his attainments as a physician, and shortly after his graduation he entered a high special course in the Chicago College of Opthalmalogy and Otalagy, and in order to more thoroughly prepare himself for practice, he assisted Faveler, the great specialist, in City Eye and Ear Infirmary.
     A perusal of this brief biography will impress upon the mind of even the most superficial reader the immense amount of work, the labor and sacrifice requisite to ability to practice medicine and to operate upon the eye. The doctor’s early life was passed where his surroundings furnished many a stimulus to higher and broader fields of usefulness. He educated himself with the money which he amassed in the slow drudgery of business in a small Nebraska town. He surely deserves credit. Like all successful business men, Dr. Tucker married early in life. The state of celibacy is always more or less a species of selfishness and self-satisfaction, and that man does well who early takes the step which makes him an integral actor in the world’s affairs—a married man. Dr. Tucker in 1883 married Miss Lydia Williams, of cincinnati, Ohio, and to render more sacred the union, there exists a little daughter, Florence, of whom the doctor and his wife are justly proud. Mrs. Tucker takes a deep interest in her husband’s work, and accompanied him to Columbia two years ago where she has scores of friends. Dr. Tucker’s reputation is not local. He is considered one of the finest oculists in the state, and his rank among his fellow physicians is correspondingly high. He is a member of the Christian church, and a devout member too, one whom success in worldly affairs has not corrupted. And of course he belongs to the Knights of Pythias, that friendly octopus which has absorbed the best of the mercantile and professional men in this country. The doctor is an active worker in the ranks of the A.O.U.W., and is far advanced. The doctor is a member of the Esculapian Medical Society in Kansas City, also a very bright Mason. The doctor is a perfect gentleman, a man who makes friends any and everywhere. Columbia’s professional life knows no worthier man. [See p. 97 for a photo of Dr. A.J. Tucker.]

FRANK B. TUMY, saddler, learned his trade in the shop at Rocheport, of his father, Henry Tumy, one of the best saddlers in the State. Mr. Tumy was born in Rocheport, August 6, 1865. Coming to Columbia in 1889 he engaged in the saddlery business and has followed it since that time. On September 24, 1888, he married Miss Brooksie Morgan. They have no children living. Mr. Tumy is a member of the Christian church, a democrat and a worthy citizen. [See p. 64 for photo of F.B. Tumy.]

DR. R.R. VAUGHAN, dentist, who has recently become a resident of Columbia, is a member of one of Missouri’s most distinguished families. He attended school in Lexington, studied dentistry with Dr. J.W. Ming and afterwards graduated in dentistry in the University of Maryland. In 1885 he married Miss Bettie Grove, of Glasgow. They have two children: Margaret, aged 7 years, and Harry, aged 13 months. Dr. Vaughan is an active Presbyterian. He has a fine reputation as a skilled and educated dentist and is a gentleman of the highest character. [See p. 36 for photo of Dr. R.R. Vaughan.]

P.B. VENABLE, proprietor of the Columbia billiard hall, was born in Kansas city, Missouri, January 28, 1867. He was brought to Columbia when six months old and as since that time been a resident of this place. He worked at the carpenter’s trade several years, but since 1887 has been engaged in his present occupation. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and Maccabees. [See p. 70 for photo of P.B. Venable.]

WILLIAM AMBROSE VIVION, merchant, is the son of D.R. Vivion, and is one of the most popular and accommodating young business men in Columbia. He is a member and officer of the U. R. K. of P., treasurer of Boone County Co-operation Society, financial secretary of the Christian church, superintendent of the Christian Sunday School. Mr. Vivion is a member of the book and stationery firm of Vivion Brothers, one of the leading establishments of the city. He is a democrat. In 1892 he married Miss Stella Robnett. Mr. Vivion was born in Boone county, November 4, 1868. He has resided in Audrain and Callaway counties, coming to Columbia in 1889. [See p. 70 for photo of W.A. Vivion.]

W.T. WARDER, for nearly twenty years traveling representative of the F. Mitchell Grocery Company, of St. Louis, is a native of Richmond, Missouri. For fifteen years he has made his home in Columbia. Here he married on September 10, 1884, Miss Matie Dorsey, daughter of Col. J.S. Dorsey. Though Mr. Warder’s business takes him away from Columbia a large portion of his time, he is well known to all our people as an enterprising and prosperous citizen. The Warder block on Broadway, one of the most substantial in the city, takes its name from Mr. Warder. He owns this and other property in Columbia. There are few more popular traveling men in Missouri than Mr. Warder and none more widely known. [See p. 66 for photo of W.T. Warder.]

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN WASSER, merchant tailor, has been fifteen years in his present occupation and his large trade testifies to his skill and industry. He was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, November 28, 1863. He has been a resident of Ohio, Kentucky, Nebraska and Arkansas but, coming to Columbia in 1888, has made this his home. He married Miss Nannie Redenbaugh on March 13, 1892. Mr. Wasser is a Baptist, the secretary of the Columbia Baptist Sunday School. He is an obliging and competent tailor. [See p. 66 for photo of B.F. Wasser.]

DR. BERRY ALLEN WATSON, physician, is a native of Charlotte county, Virginia. Here he was born Jan. 28, 1834, removing to Callaway county, Missouri, in 1840, with his father. He graduated from Westminster College, Fulton, in 1857, with the degree of A.B. After graduation he taught school until 1860. During the civil war he served for a time in the confederate army. He attended the Louisville and Bellevue Medical College, graduating from the latter institution in 1866. Dr. Watson practiced medicine for three years in Millersburg, Callaway county, Missouri, but since 1871 has been a practitioner in Columbia. Here he has been a leading citizen, a skilled physician and prominent in every public enterprise. His practice is extensive and lucrative and his strong character and genial disposition have won him a large circle of friends. On May 4, 1864, Dr. Watson married Miss Clara E. Ward, of Callaway county. To them have been born six children: Ed. M., Laws, Carson, Estelle, Margaret and Mattie (deceased). Dr. Watson is an uncompromising democrat and has served as member of the Columbia city council. His is a Mason. [See p. 35 for photo of Dr. B.A. Watson.]

REV. WM. HENRY WATTS, rector of Calvary Episcopal church, is a man of fine intellect and great liberality. He has preached many strong sermons in Columbia and is eloquent, earnest and scholarly. Dr. Watts was born in London, England, May 26, 1842. He was educated at Purdy’s Academy and Regents College, London. He was appointed to the charge of Bixley chapel, Kingston on Thames, for proficiency as a student. He went to Canada in 1864, was fort chaplain at Kingston. He resigned in 1866 and in 1870 came to the United States. Dr. Watts has been successively rector of Christ church, Portsmouth, Ohio; St. Luke’s Kalamazoo, Michigan; St. John’s Saginaw, Michigan; Intercession, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, for eleven years. Dr. Watts entered upon the rectorship of Calvary Parish, Columbia, October 20, 1889, and is, in point of residence, the oldest clergyman in Columbia. [See p. 33 for photo of Rev. W. Henry Watts.]
GEORGE ARMSTRONG WAUCHOPE, professor of English in the University of Missouri, was born May 26, 1862, at the Natural Bridge, Va., of Scotch-Irish ancestry. He is a grandson of the Rev. William J. Armstrong, D.D., who was lost at sea on the ill-fated steamer Atlantic, and a great-grandson of Samuel Houston, a friend of Washington and a gallant soldier in the Revolution. In the fall of 1880 he entered Washington and Lee University at Lexington, Virginia, graduated at the head of his class in 1884, receiving the degree of A.B. During that time he won the Greek prize, the modern language scholarship worth $100, and the F.O. French scholarship worth $300, was elected president of his literary society and the W.M.C.A. After teaching languages a year at the New London Academy, he returned to the University and received the degree of M.A. in June, 1886. He was editor of the Southern Collegian, a college magazine founded by Thomas Newlson Page; also final orator of the Washington Literary Society, and Early English Text Society Prize-man. Prof. Wauchope taught Greek and Latin the next year in the McGuire school in Richmond, Va., was president of the Dickens Club of that city, which he was instrumental in organizing. In 1887 was elected assistant professor of English and modern languages in his alma mater receiving at the same time the Houston Fellowship, worth $500 a year. During the next two years he took a very thorough course in Germanic and Roman philology, under Prof. James A. Harrison, Litt. D., LL. D., and received the degree of Ph.D, magna cum laude in 1889. Dr. Wauchope then took a trip to Europe for purposes of travel and study. While in Berlin he boarded in a German family and studied in the Berlitz school, attended a course of lectures on literature by Professor Grimm in the University. He visited Paris during the Exposition of 1889, also England and Scotland. While in the latter country he visited the head of his family, Sir John Wauchope of Edinburgh. From 1890 to 1891 he was professor of Greek and Latin in the Horner military school, at Oxford, N.C. He was also president of a large Shakespeare club, and delivered an address at the Morehead Assembly. In 1891 he was elected assistant professor of English Language and Literature in the University of Missouri. Dr. Wauchope is a member of the Presbyterian church. He never joined any secret society except the Phi Theta Psi, a college fraternity. As teacher he is hopeful, enthusiastic and devoted to his pupils, and his work, scholarly, liberal and progressive. He has written both in prose and verse for various newspapers and magazines. Besides this he has written monographs on the Anglo-Saxon poem Andreas, the verbal noun in the Heliand, the old French L., the History of the Burning of the University, a Gothic Primer, and has a large collection of material for a History of Southern Writers. He is not married. [See p. 43 for photo of G.A. Wauchope.]

JAMES H. WAUGH, president of the Exchange National Bank of Columbia, Missouri, was born in Nicholas county, Kentucky, December 26, 1832. His parents were Archer S. and Matilda G. (Piper) Waugh, also natives of Kentucky. Mr. Waugh was reared on his father’s farm near Carlisle, Kentucky, and he received his education in the country schools and in the town of Carlisle. In October, 1854, when twenty-one years of age, he came to Columbia, Missouri, and began clerking for James H. Parker, a dry goods merchant. In March, 1855, he became deputy sheriff under Jeremiah O’Rear, and continued in that office until August, 1858. On May 3, 1859, he was married in Arrow Rock, Saline county, Missouri, to Miss Sophia Sidney Venable, daughter of Dr. Hampton Sidney Venable. In July, 1859, he engaged in merchandising on his own account, and continued until January, 1862, when unsolicited by him, he received the appointment of sheriff of Boone county from Gov. Hamilton R. Gamble, and in the following December was elected for two years. In July, 1865, Mr. Waugh, in connection with other associates, organized the Exchange National Bank. He became its president, which position he has held continuously. It is worthy of remark that the bank has never failed to pay a semi-annual dividend of five or six per cent. Mr. Waugh has served the town of Columbia often as trustee and as chairman and treasurer of the board. From 1867 to 1873 he was treasurer of the board of curators of the State University. He was one of the organizers of the Valley National Bank of St. Louis and served as one of its directors from its organization until 1879. He was also one of the promoters and a director in the construction of the Boone County and Jefferson City Railroad from Centralia to Columbia and was one of the projectors of the gravel road system in Boone county. Politically Mr. Waugh, before the war, was a Whig, during the war a Union man and since the war and now a democrat, always having voted the democratic during and since the war. Mr. Waugh is a member of the Presbyterian church. He has but one child living, a daughter, Mary E., wife of Charles B. Sanders, one of the firm of R.L. McDonald & Co., of St. Joseph, having lost a son and daughter, each at the age of sixteen months. Mr. Waugh is one of Columbia’s most substantial citizens, and during his forty years residence in Columbia has been connected with many of the enterprises which have made Columbia. He made his own business capital and has prospered as merchant and banker. [See p. 68 for photo of J.H. Waugh.]

HENRY CLAY WELLS, proprietor of the Powers House, is a genial and successful hotel keeper. Born and raised on a farm in St. Charles county, Missouri, Mr. Wells was for forty years a brick layer, and no man did better work. He has been in the hotel business twelve years and is a typical Boniface. Mr. Wells is the son of Samuel and Mary Wells and was born September 2, 1829. He is as vigorous and active as though a man of forty. In 1856 he married Miss Emily Dyer, of Callaway county. They have three children: Mary (Mrs. T.O. Robinson)[,] John D. and James M. Mr. Wells has resided in Louisville, St. Louis, in Fulton from July 7, 1850, to 1885, and in Columbia since the last named date. In religious Mr. Wells is a bluestocking Presbyterian and in politics a Missouri democrat. [See p. 66 for photo of H.C. Wells.]

JOHN C. WHITTEN, professor of horticulture in the University of the State of Missouri, was born in Augusta, Maine, September 14, 1866. He graduated from the South Dakota Agricultural College in 1892 and took post-graduate work at Cornell University, making a specialty of horticulture, botany and entomology. From January, 1893, to October, 1894, Prof. Whitten was assistant in horticulture at the Missouri Botanical Gardens, in St. Louis. Prof. Whitten accepted his present position in 1894. He is a member of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, of the American Forestry Association and honorary member of the Arkansas Horticultural Society. [See p. 43 for photo of J.C. Whitten.]

JOHN WALTER WILKINSON, of the University Academy, was born near Prairie Grove, Boone county, Missouri, December 11, 1869, the son of John F. and Sarah Wilkinson. He graduated from the State University in 1893 with the degrees of L.B., S.B. and Pe.B. He adopted teaching as a profession. He was principal of the Thornton (Arkansas) public schools in 1890 and served as assistant principal of the Centralia public schools in 1893, and in the spring of 1894 was elected as teacher of science in the Western Normal Business College, Garland, Texas. He conducted the Dallas county (Texas) teachers’ institute in the summer of 1894. Returning to Columbia he became one of the organizers of the University Academy and is now a member of its faculty. Mr. Wilkinson is a Methodist and a democrat. He is a young man of honesty, ability and energy and evidently has a bright future. He is not married. [See p. 44 for photo of John W. Wilkinson.]

C.L. WILLOUGHBY, teacher of shorthand, was born in Tamaroa, Perry county, Illinois, on January 2, 1875. He went to St. Louis at 15 years of age and was employed for two years in the office of the Cairo Short Line. Giving this up he entered the University as a student. He has pursued his studies three years and during the same time has taught classes in shorthand and typewriting. Mr. Willoughby is a graduate of Barnes’ Business College, St. Louis, and is an expert shorthand reporter. He has dabbled somewhat in newspaper work on city and college papers. He will make Columbia his home and will doubtless have a good patronage as he is a young man of ability, integrity and energy. [See p. 45 for photo of C.L. Willoughby.]

BENJAMIN S. WINCHESTER, farmer and ice dealer, was born in Carlinville, Illinois, April 6, 1832. He removed to Columbia in 1866, [and] hauled goods from Centralia and Providence to Columbia before the railroad was built. He has made an honest, worthy citizen. He is a prohibitionist and a Presbyterian. On October 14, 1857, Mr. Winchester married Miss Brookie Yowell. [See p. 70 for photo of B.S. Winchester.]

HENRY WISE, proprietor of the California Fruit Store, was in the fruit business in St. Louis three years and, since November, 1893, in Columbia. In July, 1893, he married Miss Gosby Shafrau, of St. Louis. Mr. Wise was born Mach 14, 1868. He is building up an excellent trade at his well-stocked fruit store. [See p. 70 for photo of Henry Wise. Also, his wife's name should be Gusty Shaffran, according to a direct descendant -- Ed.]

J.G. WISEMAN, of J.G. Wiseman & Sons, merchants, Centralia, has had a long and honorable career. The name of Wiseman is a familiar one in Boone county history and J.G. Wiseman is a fine example of the good traits of the estimable family. Mr. Wiseman was born and brought up in Boone county. His early mercantile life was spent in Louisiana. Returning to Missouri in 1863 he engaged for three years in merchandising in St. Joseph. In 1866 he began business in Centralia, the firm being Wyatt & Wiseman. In 1869 he removed to Ashland, where he remained until 1894 in the mercantile business. Last fall he returned to Centralia and the new and vigorous dry goods establishment of Wiseman & Sons opened its doors to the public. It is now one of Centralia’s leading institutions. [See p. 72 for photo of J.G. Wiseman.]

JEFF. G. WORLEY, merchant, was born in Lexington, Kentucky, March 6, 1869, coming to Columbia in 1874. He is a son of the late C.T. Worley, and grandson of the late Jefferson Garth. He attended the State University two years, and in 1892 graduated at Bryant & Stratton’s Business College in Louisville, Kentucky. Since January 1, 1894, he has been a member of the well-known dry goods firm of Strawn, Rogers & Co. He is a good salesman and promising business man. Mr. Worley is an officer of the K. of P. Lodge. He is a democrat and yet married. [See p. 66 for photo of Jeff G. Worley.]

REV. WILLIAM POPE YEAMAN, president of Grand River College, Gallatin, Missouri, has been for thirteen years a resident of Boone county. He still owns a large and fertile farm west of Columbia and spends there the time he can spare from school duties. Dr. Yeaman was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, May 28, 1832. He studied law in the office of his uncle, Gov. John L. Helm, and was admitted to the bar at the age of 19 years. He practiced law for six years with marked success and then, in obedience to the call of duty, left the farm for the pulpit. He was ordained as Baptist minister in 1859. He afterward held a number of important pastorates in Kentucky, New York City and St. Louis. From 1876 to 1878 he was chancellor of William Jewell College. Dr. Yeaman has been moderator of the Missouri Baptist General Association for eighteen years and is one of the ablest men in the west. He has been prominent in public affairs and in 1892 was a strong candidate for the democratic nomination for governor. Dr. Yeaman married Miss Virginia Shackelford, of Kentucky. He is a splendid speaker, a deep thinker and one of the most popular educators in Missouri. [See p. 68 for image of W. Pope Yeaman.]

Columbia's Nuisance Ordinance of 1843

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The lengthy “Ordinance Respecting Nuisances” was printed in the Columbia Missouri Statesman of July 14, 1843, on p. 4, columns 1-4, and has been transcribed faithfully. Original spelling has been retained, even when apparent errors were printed. It is a wonderful window into daily life in Columbia at this early date.

Specific nuisances that might be of interest can be quickly found using the following table of internal links:

Privies
Dead Animals
Decaying Vegetable Matter
Livestock pens
Card playing in certain stores
Selling spiritous liquors to slaves
Furious galloping of horses
Willful firing of a gun or pistol
Hollooing, screaming, or making a lot of noise
Trading with servants
Displacing property of others
Making a fire at night in a street, alley or lot
Allowing a boar hog to run at large
Permitting a female dog to run at large
Quarrelling or fighting in uprorious, profane , or drunken manner
Getting drunk by a slave
Loitering of servants
Causing obstructions in a street, alley or sidewalk
Emptying, piling or throwing all manner of things into the streets
Digging in the streets
Riding of a horse or vehicle upon a paved sidewalk
Having a poorly constructed fire-place, chimney or stove or flue
Leaving building materials in the streets
Hand railings, horse blocks, hooks and other obstructions
Vicious dogs
Uncontrolled dogs

AN ORDINANCE

RESPECTING NUISANCES.

Be it ordained by the Trustees of the inhabitants of the Town of Columbia as follows:
     S 1. The things in this section mentioned are hereby declared and held to be nuisances. Viz. 1. All Privies so called, located wheresoever they my be, east of 4th cross street, which shall, from the want of frequent emptyings of their foul contents, and purifications by effective washings and careful applications of quicklime, exhale at any time putrid and offensive gases to the sensible discomfort and annoyance of any other family in the vicinity thereof, than that of the owners or occupiers of the lot or lots on which such privies are situated: 1.[2?] All privies, east of 4th cross-street, having an opening at or near to near to the bottom, exposing the offensive contents thereof to the view of those who pass along the streets and alleys in the vicinity thereof: 3. All deposits of human ordure, made in any place or under any circumstances whatever, east of 4th cross-street, by any family or part thereof, and continued or repeated to the annoyance of any other family in the vicinity thereof, and it despite of the remonstrances by the head of said other family which may be annoyed by said deposits; as also all large deposits or accumulations of horse excrement or other filth within the limits aforesaid, in, from, or about, stables, or stable-yards, which shall become the subject of annoyance and complaint by the head or heads of any family or families living in the neighborhood thereof of account of the offensive smell proceeding therefrom.
     Any person therefore owning or occupying any lot of part of a lot in the town of Columbia who shall cause any such nuisance to exist as defined in this section; or shall fail or refuse to correct or remove it — such nuisance having been produced before the publication of this ordinance, shall in either case, be fined five dollars for every week he shall so cause such nuisance to exist, or to fail or refuse to correct or remove the same — it being hereby made the duty of the marshall before suit is commenced to give any person offending in any manner as explained in the preceding part of his section, notice that unless the nuisance caused or continued by him or her shall be corrected or removed in two days’ time that suit will be brought against him or her for the recovery of penalties. Such notice or a second or third suit for the same offence shall not be required.

     S 2. All dead animals within the limits of the town, not killed as food for people—as cats, hogs, dogs, cattle so called, mules, horses or asses — are hereby declared to be nuisances; and if dead animals or any one of them be not removed out of the town to some lace where they or any of them, will not annoy any person at his or her place of residence by sight or small — whether such persons live within or without the town — in six hours, day-time, after the death of such animals or any one of them, the owner or keeper thereof in their or its lifetime, shall be fined as follows, viz: for every cat one dollar; for hog or dog two dollars; for cattle so called, each, and for every mule, ass, or horse, five dollars. If any of the dead animals, mentioned in the preceding part of this section, be removed out of the town but shall be dropped or deposited on the outside of the town where they or any one of them, shall prove annoying to the head or heads of any family or families in town, or out of it, by sight or small — of if the dead animals or any one of them shall be removed out of the town and be dropped or deposited in a public or much-used road, or in less distance to such road than eighty yards, the owner or keeper of such dead animals or any one of them in their or its lifetime, so dropping or depositing dead animals or any one of them, or causing them to be so dropped or deposited, or suffering them or any one of them to be so dropped or deposited by any person under his or her control, in any of the ways or places herein last mentioned, shall be fined in the same manner and in the same respective amounts as mentioned in the first part of this section for leaving the same kind of dead animals or any one of them in the town longer than a given time.

     S 3. All decaying vegetable matter when accumulated in large masses at any given point — all stagnant waters — all artificial drains from any house, cellar or privy except such as empty into the paved gutters over the footway-pavements in regularly formed vallies, and which from the want of frequent clearings and washings shall give rise to annoying and offensive smells in the neighborhood — all within the limits of the town east of the 4th cross-street — are declared to be nuisances; and if not corrected by those who cause them or suffer them of any one of them to exist upon the lots, lot or part thereof, they own or occupy, in two days time after notice by the town Marshall, said persons on offending shall be fined five dollars; and if such nuisance or nuisances are not corrected or removed after a first judgment by any justice of the peace for a first offence, the person or persons so offending, shall be subject to a new fine of five dollars without any such notice as that required above by the town Marshall, for every week such nuisances are not corrected or __?___ed.

     S 4. A cow-pen, calf-pen, or hog-pen so called, being used as such, located on, or immediately adjoining Broadway street, at any point east of 4th cross-street, or upon any cross-street east of 4th cross-street, and within one hundred feet of Broadway street, is hereby declared to be a nuisance; and any person making, owning or using for his stock so called, such cow-pen, calf-pen or hog-pen, shall be fined five dollars for every week such nuisance shall be continued or used..

     S 5. Each of the things in this section mentioned, is hereby declared to be a nuisance; and any and every person being truly chargeable with creating or causing the same, or suffering it to be created or caused by others under his or her control, shall for each and every such offence be fined as follows, viz: 1. For the suffering of card-playing in any house kept for the purpose of selling or retailing groceries so called, or spirited liquors therein — whether money or any thing else be staked or not, ten dollars. 2. For the selling of spiritous or intoxicating liquors to any slave without a written order from the owner, master or mistress of such slave, fifteen dollars. 3. For the furious or unnecessary galloping of a horse or other animal through any street or alley east of 4th cross-street, five dollars. 4. For the wilful firing of a gun or pistol, day or night, except in killing a beef or dog, five dollars. 5. For hollooing, screaming, or making or causing to be made, any unnatural noise, without unavoidable necessity, to the disturbance of any quiet and orderly person or family, or other citizen, or any stranger temporarily remaining in the town — ten dollars. 6. For trading with servants in respect to other things than intoxicating liquors, without a written permission from the master, mistress or other person having the management of the same, except in common marketing so called — not more than twenty nor less than five dollars. 7. For removing or displacing from the position in which its owner or proper and legal user placed it, the property of any citizen or other person, and placing it in some other place or position — whether with a mischievous or wicked intent or not — to the annoyance or injury of the owner or user thereof — such as signboards, boxes, gates, carriages of any kind, horses, cattle so called, or any other thing, without consent from the owner or legal user thereof — ten dollars. 8. For the kindling, making or leaving of a fire after night, upon any street, alley or lot of ground not within a house, but in an open situation, east of 4th cross-street — five dollars. 9. The permitting of a boar or male hog not castrated, over the age of three months, to run or range at large in the town, east of 4th cross-street — three dollars; and if still permitted thus to run and range, one week longer after a first judgment by a justice of the peace for a recovering of a fine under this last specification, the owner thereof shall be fined a second time the sum of five dollars. 10. The permitting of a proud sl__ [rhymes with cut -- ed.] or female dog to run at large within the town — five dollars. 11. For quarreling in an uproarious, profane, or drunken manner; as also for fighting so called — in both cases, being without legal or justifiable excuse — five dollars for each or either offence.

     S 6. Each of the matters or things mentioned in this section is hereby declared to be a nuisance; and the person who shall produce or cause any one of them, shall be fined as follows, viz: 1. For the getting drunk by any slave — ten stripes with a cowhide on the bare back; to be well laid on with becoming judgment by the town Marshall, instanter: 2. For the loitering about, or the collecting together, or servants, whether by day or night, to the number of five, at or about any one place at the time — except evidently for the performance of, or attendance upon, religious services — not exceeding fifteen, nor less than five stripes; to be well laid o by the town Marshall, instanter, but with good judgment an propriety; the said Marshall being hereby held responsible to the master, mistress, or manager of any slave that may be whipped by him for any permanent injury that may result from the manner of executing the duties imposed by this section of this ordinance. No servant shall be molested by the authority of this Board, whilst going to, remaining at, or returning from, and lace of public worship — if he, or she be peaceable and orderly in his or her conduct. Passes so called, shall not be required of slaves to secure to them the immunity in this section mentioned.

     S 7. Any person creating or causing, directly or indirectly, any obstruction in any street, alley or sidewalk between 4th cross-street and the east end of the town, injuriously affecting the free, convenient and safe public use of the same — excepting the alleys running through the outside blocks of lots on the northeast-east and south sides of the town — also, the alley that runs through the block of lots numbered 76, 77, 115, 116, 117 — also, the alley that runs through the block of lots numbered 88, 89, 90, 103, 104, 105, — also, the alley that runs through the block of lots numbered 271, 272, 273, 304, 305, 306, — also all of Ash street that lies eat of 10th cross street — by horses, fences, fire-wood, fence-timbers, coal of building, paving, curbing or MacAdamising materials, except the latter be intended for early use, to be judged of by others by circumstances — shall be adjudged guilty of creating a nuisance; and any person so offending in any of the ways herein mentioned, shall upon conviction before a justice of the peace having jurisdiction thereof, be fined five dollars. This section shall not be so construed as to prevent any person living on any of the cross or other streets parallel to Broadway from throwing into them coal or wood — provided it be not done near to Broadway than one hundred feet, but not in such quantities or places as will very injuriously affect the free, safe and public use of said cross streets or any one of them.

     S 8. Any person who shall empty, pile or throw, or shall cause or suffer to be emptied, piled or thrown by any one in his or her employ or under his or her control, into any part of Broadway, east of 4th cross-street, including its side walks, or into any part of any one of the cross=streets, east of 4th cross-street, and within one hundred feet of Broadway, ashes, cinder, coal, earth, putrid flesh or vegetables of any kind — lime, sand, brick, brick-bats or stone, not intended for building or improving purposes — shavings so called, straw, litter, offal or trimmings of any kind — refuse matter or scraps from stores, cellars, work-shops or other houses; as also all kind of recrements from stables — dung so called – and shall fail or refuse to carefully gather up the whole and every part of the things emptied, piled or thrown as in this section mentioned, and remove them to some other place where they or any one of them will annoy no one, in six hours-day-time — from and after the time said substances or any one of them, may have been thus emptied, piled, or thrown in Broadway or on other forbidden places, as specified above, shall be deemed guilty of causing or continuing a nuisance; and any person so offending in any particular herein mentioned, shall be fined five dollars.

     S 9. Any person who shall dig or cause to be dug or suffer to be dug by another subject to such person’s control, in any part of Broadway, east of 4th cross-street — including its sidewalks – whether paved or McAdamised or not, or in any cross-street, est of 4th cross-street and within one hundred feet of Broadway — any holes, ditches or trenches, sensibly affecting the evenness and regularity of the streets, sidewalks, grades, pavements or McAdamisings within the bounds in this section mentioned, or any part or parts of the same — except by the previous consent of the street commissioner, shall be deemed guilty of causing a nuisance; and any person so offending shall e fined five dollars which fine shall be repeated every week after a rendtion of a first judgment by any justice of the peace for such offence till the same be removed or corrected. Andy should any person with a mischievous or wicked intend, injure any public improvement as a pavement of any kind, curbstones or gutterings, or if any person should with mischievous or wretched intent injure any private property, as doors, gates, steps, mud-scrapers, glass in windows or tubes for conducting water, he shall be deemed guilty of causing a nuisance, and shall be fined five dollars over and above what would be considered a necessary expenditure in repairing the injuries inflicted.

     S 10. The wilful riding or driving of any horse or other animal, wagon cart or other carriage of any kid, upon any paved sidewalk is hereby declared to be a nuisance; and any person so riding, or driving any horse or other animal, wagon, cart or other carriage so called, upon any paved sidewalks, except in front of a stable, or causing or suffering any one under his or her control to offend as int his section mentioned, — shall be fined five dollars for each and every such offence.

     S 11. Every fire-place, chimney, stove or flue therefrom, or dry-kiln so called, being in use, east of 4th cross-street, so unskilfully or carefully constructed of fixed as to be considered by a majority of the heads of three families of other adult persons living or doing business nearest such fire-place, chimney, stove or flue therefrom, or dry-kiln, as dangerous from the spread of fire, to the property of other citizens in the vicinity thereof is hereby declared to be a nuisance; and any person causing or suffering such nuisance to exist on any lot of ground owned or used by him for the period of three days time after having been requested to correct or remove the same by the persons composing the majority already mentioned, shall be fined five dollars for every three days thereafter he or she shall so fail or refuse to correct such nuisance.

     S 12. If any master builder, tradesman or mechanic, as a stone-mason, stone cutter, brick mason, carpenter, plasterer or other person engaged in building or repairing any house or houses, or any part thereof, on Broadway street, east of 4th cross-street, or on any cross-street east of 4th cross-street and within one hundred feet of Broadway street, shall incumber or shall cause or suffer to be incumbered by any person under his or her direction or control, any street or sidewalk within the limits specified in the preceding part of this section, with stone, brick, lime, sand, timber, poles, earth or any thing else used in or about buildings or repairs thereon, & shall fail or refuse to carefully remove the whole of the things in this section mentioned and every part thereof, including all remnants, litter, or refuse matter of every kind, as near as practicable within one week from and after the time they or any part of them may be wanted in any building or improvement in progress of completion, shall be considered guilty of causing or keeping up a nuisance, and shall be fined five dollars for every week such nuisance shall last or be continued.

     S 13. The things to be mentioned in this section shall be considered nuisances, viz: all hand-railing, horse blocks so called of any shape or material, all posts of any kind — those for tavern signs excepted; all hooks or catches of any kind, made or contrived for the purpose of hitching or fastening horses to — all in Broadway street and east of 4th cross-street, or its sidewalks, or in any cross-street and within forty feet of Broadway street;— also all obstructions of any kind, whether from the throwing of wood, coal, timber of any kind or hitching of horses or other animals on the sidewalk on the east side of 7th cross street and between Walnut and Broadway street as it runs by or passes the Union Meeting house; and any person giving rise to or producing such nuisance as herein and above mentioned, shall be fined five dollars for ever week such nuisance shall be sustained or suffered by the person creating it or causing it to exist; except the hitching of horses on 7th cross-street as limited and defined above. In this case or for this offence the person causing such offence shall be fined two dollars and fifty cents for each and every such offence.

     S 14. Any dog owned or kept by any person in the Town of Columbia having the known disposition to attach and bite any person passing along any street or alley, whether in the day or night, is hereby declared to be a nuisance; and the owner or keeper of such dog shall be fined two dollars for every week that such dog shall be kept as aforesaid; and if such dog shall actually attack and bite any person in any street or alley, whether in the day or night, the owner or keeper of such dog, shall be fined ten dollars.

     S 15. Any dog found from home and within the house or other enclosures, of any other person than those of its owner or keeper, and suspected of a thievish disposition, is declared to be a nuisance, and may with impunity be killed by any person or his agent, aggrieved by such dog; and if complaint be made to the Marshall of the Town by any person on account of such dog, it is hereby declared to be the special duty of such Marshall — he being pretty well satisfied that the complaint of such person is well founded — to kill such dog without unnecessary delay.

     All other ordinances on the subject of “nuisances” as also an ordinance entitled “an ordinance respecting dogs in the town of Columbia,” are hereby repealed. This ordinance to take effect and be in force from and after its publication.

W. JEWELL, Chairm’n.

List of Killed from Thirty-ninth Missouri Infantry, at Battle of Centralia, Mo., September 27, 1864.

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The following is transcribed directly from The History of Boone County Missouri by W.F. Switzler originally published in 1882, page 462+. The book is available for purchase from the Boone County Historical Society.

LIST OF THE FEDERALS KILLED

The exact number of Federals killed, it is believed, has been correctly ascertained, together with their names. J.A. Waddell, Adjutant General of the State, furnishes from the muster rolls of the companies of the Thirty-ninth Missouri, on file in his office, the name of every man reported killed at Centralia, as follows: --

LIST OF KILLED OF THIRTY-NINTH MISSOURI INFANTRY, AT BATTLE OF CENTRALIA, MO., SEPTEMBER 27, 1864.

Major A.V.E. Johnson

COMPANY A

Capt. J.A. Smith
Sergt. Wm. G. Elliott
Sergt. J.S. Nesbit
Sergt. M.B. Long
Sergt. J.C. Reynolds
Corp. A.W. Walters
Corp. Jasper May
Corp. Canada Keller
Corp. Elijah Eitel

Privates:

Josiah Adams
Geo. W. Bragg
O.C. Byrd
Wm. H. Braden
John N. Braden
Wm. H. Corbin
A.J. Capps
J.L. Canada
Geo. W. Cook
Porter Cunningham
A.J. Denton
David R. Graves
John B.W. Graves
Alfred B. Hayward
Valentine Hine
Benj. Hargrove
John Hanlin
Granville Hanlin
Wm. H. Jeffers
Henry Keller
Daniel Lorton
James Morrow
Joseph Morrow
F. McClanahan
E.T. Miles
Mark S. Musick
Jas. K.P. Mock
Wm. Norton
Eli F. Osborn
A.B. Polly
Alfred S. Parsons
Jacob Reed
John S. Spicer
Issac Slaughter
James C. Stuteville
Emmet H. Selby
Wm. Shoemaker
Daniel A. Simler
Chas. Wilbaum
Jas H.B. Waddell
David Wilbaum
J.R. Williams
Thos. Waugh
Jas. Willis
John R. Wood
C.C. Wise
Alfred Zimmerman

Total [company A]. 56

COMPANY G

Sergt. David N. Dunn
Sergt. Jno. Donahoo
Sergt. Wm. Lair
Sergt Geo. W. Miller
Corp. Leander P. Bart
Corp. Jas. S. Gunby
Corp. Wm. Loar
Corp. David Riggs
Corp. L.D. Sherwood
Corp. Jacob R. Wexler

Privates:

Geo. W. Adams
Charles Bishop
Samuel Bell
Philip Christman
Wm. Christman
Oscar Collier
John J. Cirstein
Homer M. Dunbar
Wm. Drennan
Sylvester H. Deen
James S. Edwards
Eleazer Evans
Robt. R. Elston
Wm. G. Floor
James Forsythe
Robt. Greenfield
Wm. P. Golay
Henry T. Gooch
Joseph S. Glahn
John W. Hardin
Elijah Hall
Chas. M. Jenkins
Wm. Knipper
Anthony Labas
Louis F. Marquette
Chas. Matterson
John Moore
Jno. C. Montgomery
Wm. A. Ross
Robt. E. Spires
J.G. Sellers
Edward Strachan
James Stalcup
Wm. T. Smith
Peter Sunnoner
J.W. Traswell
Geo. W. Van Osdale [maybe VanAusdale? – editor]
J.N. Vaden
A.M. Vandiver
Jonathan Wobdell
Wm. T. Whitelock

Total [Company G]. 51

COMPANY H

Sergt. Henry F. Porter

Privates:

Patrick Ballager
Samuel L. Dingle
Wm. Dingle
Wm. Dexhimer
Wm. A. Denny
James M. Henry
Chas. Kline
Frederic Miller
Robt. E. Montgomery
Conrad Pilgram
Chas. E. Rendlen
Winfield Shuler
Benj. Stephenson
Bennett Ford

Total [Company H]. 15

RECAPITULATION. —
Field officers, 1
Line officers, 1
Company A, non-commissioned officers and privates, 55
Company G , 51
Company H, 15.
Total, 123.

The following are the names of some of Capt. Theiss's company (H.), who escaped:
Capt. Adam Theiss
Lieut. John E. Stafford
Corp. John R. Sublett
Isaac (?) Howard, color-bearer
Louis Taylor
John Cummings
Ephriam J. Folen
Jack Calvert
Enoch Hunt
Frank Barns, wounded
Wm. Parker

The seventy-nine bodies buried at Centralia were disinterred December 17, 1873, under direction of Capt. Nelson, and forwarded to Jefferson City, and reinterred in the national cemetery at that place. James A. Harris had the contract for taking them up, for which he received $150. A monument which had been placed over the grave was removed by C.A. Brown for $30. About fifty-six bodies were taken up the first day. The bones, clothing, cartridge boxes, belts, etc., were well preserved. The skeletons were small, indicating they were of young men. Those who buried them say they were young men, in most cases, with smooth faces and without even mustaches. Seventy-nine skulls were taken out of this grave, each with a bullet hole in it.

The prisoner, Sergt. Goodman, taken from the cars at Centralia and spared by Anderson, was in the charge of Anderson’s company on Johnson’s men in the field, and witnessed the fight (as did Mr. Yates, a citizen, who happened to be near the field with his team), and accompanied the command when it left. He was with the guerillas ten days, and escaped as they were crossing the Missouri River. After his return to his home, in page County, Iowas, he published a pamphlet giving an account of his experiences. From this pamphlet much information has been derived for this article. Mr. Goodman now lives at Santa Rosa, California.

Commentary:
Jan Irwin (jcirwin@pacbell.net) made a comment on rootsweb.ancestry.com on 6 August 2000 pertaining to this battle:

“One of my ancestors was a survivor of the Centralia Massacre from Company H. His name was Edward Knox Irwin. I have confirmed that he was in Company H and according to the "Green City, MO Centennial History", he survived the massacre because he was left to watch some of the horses in Centralia due to his young age (though this story lists him as 16 while subsequent census records would put him at 19 years of age at the time). The story continues that the horses whinnied and gave away his hiding location but because the bushwackers were more interested in taking the horses, Edward was able to escape and ran to Sturgeon where he hid out with some other soldiers who had escaped. I have written for his service records from NARA but nothing has arrived yet. But, I do know he was in Co. H Missouri 39th and he did survive the war.”

The Jefferson Monument at the University of Missouri

2010-03-13T08:50:00.011-06:00

Boone County Historical Society collection. Donated by William H. Taft.

THE JEFFERSON MONUMENT

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

William Peden [copyright]

On the campus of the University of Missouri in Columbia stands a rough-hewn block of granite surmounted by a weather-beaten obelisk approximately six feet in height. This scarred and battered monument is the original tombstone that for half a century marked the grave of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. Its history, including the details which culminated in its being presented as a gift to the University of Missouri in Boone County, Missouri, is a chequered one.

Shortly after Jefferson’s death on July 4, 1826, his descendants found among his personal effects the rough sketch of a tombstone and directions for its inscription. “Could the dead,” Jefferson had written on the back of a partially-mutilated envelope, “feel any interest in Monuments or other remembrances of them,” he would be gratified by a “plain die or cube . . . surmounted by an Obelisk” bearing the words:

“Here was buried

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of American Independence

of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom

& Father of the University of Virginia.”

[Left click on the image below to enlarge it.]

He also requested that on the base should be carved the dates of his birth and death, recording his birth-date as “Apr. 2, 1743. O.S.,” the O.S. referring to the old style calendar in use when he was born. Jefferson further directed that these memorials be made from “the coarse stone of which my columns are made, that no one might be tempted hereafter to destroy it for the value of the materials.”

Jefferson was buried between the graves of his wife and their daughter Maria in the graveyard at Monticello.(#1) Within a month, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, his favorite grandchild and executor of the estate, attempted to follow his grandfather’s instructions, but the estate was so heavily encumbered with debts that Monticello could not remain in the family as Jefferson had intended. House, out-buildings and 552 acres of land were sold, successively, to James T. Barclay, a “local eccentric,” in 1831 and, five years later, o Lt. Uriah Levy, U.S.N., a Jefferson admirer from New York; the graveyard, however, “with free access,” was to be kept in the family.(#2)

The monument itself was not erected until seven years after Jefferson’s death, apparently because of his bankruptcy. It is possible that a small temporary marker may have been placed over the grave, but it seems certain that no monument was erected until 1833. [Year should be 1783 - Ed.] The monument followed Jefferson’s instructions to the letter, with on notable exception. Because of the coarseness of the specified granite, it was not possible to cut the inscriptions into the face of the obelisk; instead they were carved upon a marble plaque which was set into its face.

The graveyard, meanwhile, was in “neglected and wretched condition.” Souvenir hunters were undeterred by the iron gates and high brick wall which had replaced an earlier wall and pyracanthus hedge enclosing the burying place at the time of Jefferson’s death; splinters had been chipped from the monument itself; the white marble slabs over the graves of Jefferson’s wife and daughter had been “similarly desecrated:; the turf was “trodden up”; and the marble plaque, “loosened by . . . rude treatment,” was rescued from probable destruction by Lt. Levy.(#3)

In the following decades, particularly during the War Between the States when Jefferson’s name and fame were temporarily eclipsed, vandalism and decay increased rather than diminished.

When Levy, then a Commodore, died in 1862, he left instructions willing Monticello either to Virginia or to the nation, but the will was attacked by his heirs and became a subject of litigation, and Monticello was sold, finally, at auction in 1879, to his nephew, Jefferson Monroe Levy. During most of this seventeen-year period, the house was occupied by Levy’s tenant overseer. Bats, it ha been said, made their nests in the Dome Room where Jefferson’s favorite daughter had reared her children; livestock were bedded down in the spacious entry hall; Thomas Jefferson Randolph had had to force his way into the estate “to assert his ownership of the graveyard and his right of access to it.”

Such conditions gave credence to varied unsubstantiated reports that the Jefferson monument had been destroyed and replaced.(#4) As early as 1838, for example, a Washington publication had commented on a visitor’s report that he had found the grave of Jefferson in “forlorn condition,” a report vigorously denied in the Charlottesville Advocate. Forty years later, Harper’s Weekly commented that “three successive headstones have been quietly chipped away and now ornament many a mantle piece throughout the Country he loved so well. A fourth stone will soon be required.” In the same year, after a visit to Monticello, Congressman Augustus A. Hardenbergh of New Jersey stated (in the Congressional Record) that the “original monument . . . had been all chipped away; that a second one had also been chipped away; and a third is now undergoing the same process . . . . Last night a week ago during a heavy gale the lower part of the brick wall surrounding the tomb was blown down . . . . The inscription is gone; not a trace remains. An obelisk stands over the tomb, but the whole site bears the evidence of a nation’s neglect . . . . “

By this time, Jefferson’s descendants, public officials, the press, and some private individuals had made various unsuccessful attempts to remedy the situation. An 1878 Resolution of Congress appropriating five thousand dollars for a replacement bogged down, but four years later the Congress appropriated twice that sum to repair the graveyard and erect a new shaft commemorating the memory of the man who had been Governor of Virginia, American Minister to France, Secretary of State, Vice President, and President. A colonel in the Corps of Engineers was ordered to “report to the Secretary of State for duty in connection with the erection of a monument over the grave of Thomas Jefferson,” designs were submitted and approved, contracts awarded, and by mid-April, 1883, the monument arrived at Monticello: the “weight was about 16,000 pounds and it required ten horses to draw it.”(#5)

Prior to proposed ceremonies to dedicate the new monument, Jefferson’s descendants had received numerous requests fo the tombstone. One such request came from the University of Missouri. As the first state university in the Louisiana Purchase Territory which Jefferson had had been instrumental in acquiring during his first administration as President, the University of Missouri presented an appealing claim. The claim, or rather supplication, was strengthened because of Jefferson’s life-long labors I behalf of state-supported education (Jefferson, in effect, originated the concept of the state university, and Missouri’s university had projected a curriculum and a concept of higher education similar to those which Jefferson had put into practice some years before at the university of Virginia), and because of his faith in the western portions of the nation.

Even more relevant, probably, many first and second generations residents of Columbia and Boone County were originally from Virginia and could claim “cousinship” of one kind or other with Mr. Jefferson; Thomas Jefferson Randolph himself had at one time considered emigrating to Missouri; and the sponsors of the University of Missouri’s efforts to obtain the monument were Virginians, including President Samuel Spahr Laws who had been confined to several Union prisons because of his outspoken sympathy for the cause of the Confederacy (and who apparently paid personally the expenses attendant on moving the monument form Monticello to the Columbia campus), and Professor of Greek Alexander Frederick Fleet, a graduate of the University of Virginia who had been a member of the 26th Virginia Regiment from the beginning of the War until General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox and who seems to have originated the quest to acquire the monument.(#6)

At any rate and whatever the reasons, the monument and the marble plaque inscribed with Jefferson’s epitaph were finally given to the University of Missouri. Professor Fleet journeyed to Virginia to attend proj3ected but never-performed dedicatory ceremonies at Monticello;(#7) under his supervision the old base, obelisk, and plaque were shipped frm Monticello to Columbia, whereupon the Curators praised President Laws and Dr. Fleet fo their “unsolicited, timely and active agency in not only originating the purpose to procure the monument of Jefferson for the University, but for prosecuting that purpose in the midst of the difficulties to success: and expressed their gratitude in a formal statement, “printed on white satin, thanking certain great-grandchildren of Mr. Jefferson for giving to the University of Missouri . . . this most gracious . . . gift.”

Mrs. Ellen Wayles Harrison, Thomas Jefferson Randolph’s daughter, responded even more graciously, in a letter to Professor Fleet, concluding:

“We gladly accorded our assent to the proposition that they [the representatives of the University of Missouri] should become the possessors of what we venerated so highly. We have never regretted the gift, and feel that in no other state of the union would its poor, battered, weatherworn front have met with such a welcome. Our admiration for the State of Missouri could not have been heightened, but she has won our lasting gratitude by the veneration she has shown and honor she has done Mr. Jefferson.”

The “sacred relic” was placed to the right of the entrance to Academic Hall, the main building of the University at that time, where it was unveiled on July 4, 1885, the final day of commencement exercises, in a ceremony, said to have been the most elaborate in the history of the University, which include addresses by Missouri Senator George E. Vest, Thomas F. Bayard, national Secretary of State, and Captain James B. Eads, noted Missouri engineer.

The marble plaque was subsequently mounted on the obelisk, but was removed some time thereafter, for safekeeping, to Academic Hall. Ironically enough, when this building was destroyed by fire on January 9, 1892, the shaft was unmarred but the plaque was “cracked and burned.” Since then the restored tablet is kept in a vault in the University’s administration building, Jesse Hall, where it remains tody except for the annual celebration of Jefferson’s birthday at which times it is customarily displayed.

The monument itself was frequently moved from one campus site to another, virtually ignored(#8) and without a marker—although certain individuals and patriotic societies occasionally placed a wreath upon it on Jefferson’s birthday—until 1931. In that year, Jefferson’s birthday was declared a state holiday by the General Assembly of the state of Missouri.

Following this action of the Missouri legislature, University of Missouri President Walter Williams and Representative Joseph b. Shannon of Kansas City were active in renewing interest in Thomas Jefferson at the University. On April 13, 1932, ceremonies were conducted at the tombstone which included unveiling a new marker for the monument and addresses by President Williams and Mr. Shannon who had been influential in obtaining funds for the marker and for the passage of the bill making Jefferson’s birthday a state holiday.

In America’s bicentennial year the monument was again moved, to a site adjacent to the Chancellor’s Residence and alongside a much-frequented walk on Francis Quadrangle. It was rededicated the day after Mr. Jefferson’s birthday, as a part of the University’s bicentennial observances, and aided by a gift from the class of 1926. In its impressive new setting, atop an 18-inch concrete block surrounded by a brick-paved courtyard and evergreen plantings, it was estimated that in three days more students saw the monument than had been even aware of its existence during the preceding year. Chancellor Herbert Schooling, in his dedicatory comments, observed that the monument would be a continuing reminder that Mr. Jefferson considered his founding of the University of Virginia to be one of his major accomplishments and that “the establishment of the University of Missouri in the territory Jefferson had acquired will continue to be a most important accomplishment” in Missouri.

Such annual ceremonies signify a continuing awareness of a great American whose faith in education and in the American people is best summarized in his own words:

“Educate and inform the who mass of the people . . . . They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our liberty.”

ENDNOTES

1. According to family tradition, Jefferson and Dabney Carr, his boyhood friend, William and Mary classmate, and husband of his sister Martha, had promised each other that the survivor would see that the other was buried at the foot of a favorite oak tree at Monticello. A week after Carr’s death on May 16, 1773, Jefferson had men at work preparing a burial place.

2. Levy bought the property, reduced to 218 acres, for $2,700; Barclay had paid $7,000 for the original purchase.

3. When Levy, who stayed at Monticello primarily during the summers, stopped using Monticello as a “vacation resort,” he gave the plaque to Thomas Jefferson Randolph. It remained at the Randolph family place, Edgehill, until 1883 when it was given, with the monument itself, to the University of Missouri.

4. For full discussion, see Kean, “History of the Graveyard at Monticello.”

5. The new obelisk was twice the size of Mr. Jefferson’s original, the result, perhaps, of bureaucratic love of bigness-as-such.

6. The fact that the Missouri capital, Jefferson City, was named after Mr. Jefferson probably further strengthened the appeal of Missouri’s request.

7. “Let us hang our heads in shame,” a writer lamented in the Charlottesville Jeffersonian, for this “exhibition of the great want of public spirit which characterizes our people.”

8. Except in 1904 when it was lent to the St. Louis World’s Fair. When asked to repeat the favor at the Jamestown Exposition a few years later, the apprehensive Curators declined “for fear that if it were ever taken into . . . Virginia” it might never be returned.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

For detailed information concerning the early years of he graveyard and monument, Robert H. Kean’s “history of the Graveyard at Monticello,” The Collected Papers of the Monticello Association, George Green Shackleford, ed., Princeton university Press, 1965, is invaluable, as is the letter from Ellen Waynes Harrison, undated but written in 1885, to Professor A.F. Fleet, included in The Annual report of the Monticello Association, 1956, pp. 19-21. Interesting material is in William H. Gaines, “From Desolation to Restoration: the Story of Monticello Since Jefferson,” Virginia Cavalcade, I, 4, Spring, 1952; and John Hammond Moore, Albermarle: Jefferson’s County, 1727-1976, University Press of Virginia, 1976.

I am indebted, too, to various individuals: Mrs. Virginia Botts, Columbia, Missouri; Dr. Richard Brownlee and Dr. James W. Goodrich, Director and Assistant Director of the State Historical Society of Missouri; President Emeritus Elmer Ellis, Office of Publication Information Director Mr. Robert Kren, and Chancellor Herbert Schooling of the University of Missouri; Mr. Robert H. Kean of Alexandria, Virginia; Mr. Edward King, Director of he University of Missouri Press; Mr. Sheridan A. Logan of St. Joseph, Missouri; Miss Olivia Taylor of Charlottesville, Virginia; and the late John Cook Wyllie, Librarian of the University of Virginia Library.

© Copyright by William Peden undated but ca 1980

Commentary:
Peden's booklet is used with permission of William Peden's wife, Margaret Sayers Peden. The undated monograph was probably written in the 1980s. The text is fully reproduced here but certain photographs were omitted.

Perche Creek Covered Bridge

2010-03-06T07:41:00.016-06:00

Following are several newspaper articles detailing the "life" of the once famous Perche Creek covered bridge. The bridge was located nearly directly under present Interstate 70 where it crosses Perche Creek west of Columbia.

Even before the covered bridge was built, we find this notice from the Missouri Intelligencer of June 8, 1833, p. 2/col. 5, announcing the intent to build the first bridge on the Columbia-Rocheport road across the Perche creek.

NOTICE

The undersigned Commissioners will, on Tuesday the 25th day of June, 1833, in the Town of Columbia, let to the lowest bidder, by public outcry, the BUILDING of a

BRIDGE

across Perche Creek, at or near Burrough's Mill. The plan of the building, and terms of payment, will be known on that day. Bond and good security will be required of the undertakers.

J.W. HICKAM,

WILLIAM LIENTZ,

Commissioners.

____________________

The above reference bridge lasted until it was destroyed by a flood in 1849. The loss of the bridge was a major blow to travel west from Columbia. The disruption reached westward and was commented on in the Liberty [Missouri] Weekly Tribune of April 12, 1850, p. 2/col. 5:

Why don't the Boone county court build a bridge across Perche in that county. We are informed by the mail agent that one fourth of the mail failures have been caused by this creek.

____________________

The Missouri Statesman answer to that question was published in the Liberty Weekly Tribune of May 2, 1850, p. 2/ col. 4:

BRIDGE OVER PERCHE. --- The Liberty Tribune asks why the Boone County Court don't build a bridge across Perche and thus prevent frequent failures of the mails westward. In this part of the State neither Courts nor Kings can build bridges in the winter time, but if our friends above will be patient we will soon have a bridge across Perche that will be a bridge. $3,000 have been appropriated for the purpose, and it is the design of the Court to span the creek with a first class bridge --- stone abutments, covered in, and all that. --- Missouri Statesman.

____________________

A broader history of the bridge was reported in the Columbia Missourian newspaper, March 14, 1925, p. 1 of the Missourian Magazine section.

COVERED bridges, once a common sight on Missouri roads, are rapidly becoming a thing of the past. This is especially true since the state highway program has been inaugurated and construction of hard-surfaced roads is going on all over the state.

The covered bridge on the Rocheport gravel through which thousands of tourists have passed in the past few years is one of the few remaining in the state which will not be on the new highway when it is completed.

The bridge built in 1851 and '52, is the product of Boone County energy and resources for it is built of native oak which was sawed in a mill on Perche Creek where the Gillespie bridge now stands. The dam of the old mill can still be seen under the bridge but only the marks of the drills show where the stone quarry, which furnished the mill with rock, still stands. The iron posts which hold the large cross sections of the bridge together were forged in Columbia.

Miss Annie Burroughs and George Burroughs of 109 Hitt street are children of Travis Burroughs, the man who built the bridge. They feel that the bridge is a monument to the honesty of their father, who was paid $2,500 by the county court to erect the structure. Mr. Burroughs, in speaking of the erection of the bridge tells how his father suffered a mishap when the Perche creek, which the bridge spans, rose and swept away the platform used by the bridge constructors. According to Mr. Burroughs, the only living person who was employed in the construction of the bridge is C.C. Boggs, who was the water boy and who is still a resident of Boone County.

The real purpose for covering the bridges was not to keep horses from getting scared, as many people believe, but to preserve the bridge from the weather, according to Mr. Burroughs.

Whereas bridges of today are constructed by calculations, that is, the builder figures out how much strain the bridge will have to bear, and then uses timber or steel whose strength has been tested by machinery designed for the purpose, the covered bridge was built by what is known in engineering language as "judgment." The builder would put a piece in place and then, if he judged it not strong enough, would use a larger and stronger piece of wood.

An interesting legend centers around this covered bridge. According to old-timers here, a farmer happened to catch another man making love to his wife under the bridge one day. He became so angry that he decided to kill the man, so one night he climbed up on to the roof of the bridge. When his supposed victim came riding through the bridge on his horse the farmer jumped down on him, stabbing the rider to death. Upon investigation the farmer found that he had killed the wrong man in the dark.

A covered bridge on the road between Boonville and Bunceton figured in an amusing incident last summer when the road for ten miles was lined with cars returning from the Bunceton barbecue where the Democratic candidate, John W. Davis, had delivered a speech. A light ran was falling, which made the long strong of automobilists anxious to get home, when for some reason or other the whole line of cars stopped. Upon investigation it was found that one of the cars had stopped on the covered bridge to change a tire and escape the rain, thus holding up some thousand or more cars for fifteen or twenty minutes.

____________________

The old bridge was in a bad state of repairs at this point and was closed to vehicle traffic. The Columbia Missourian of February 1, 1926, reported on a hopeful effort to preserve the bridge:

Historical Society Still Planning to Preserve Old Covered Bridge

The Boone County Historical Society has not given up its plan of having the old covered bridge on the highway west of Columbia preserved as an historic relic.

"We still hope to devise some plan whereby this interesting example of pioneer bridge work can be preserved," says Prof. Jesse E. Wrench, who has been particularly interested in the movement.

Site Selected 65 Years Ago.

Prof. Wrench has hunted up, in the Courthouse records, the report of the committee which selected the site and made the estimate on the bridge more than sixty-five years ago. The report was filed with W. Woodson, county clerk, Nov. 16, 1849. The following is a literal rendition of the report as filed:

"To the County Court of Boone County, we the undersigned commissioners appointed by the court to select a site, Draft a plan, and make an estimate, for a Bridge across Perche-creek, on the Road from Columbia to Fayette, Do report than in pursuance of said order, we have proceeded to view the premises, and have selected a point on said creek, where there is a small Hickory, or Black Oak Bush, on the East Bank, marked H.B. and a leaning Burr Oak Tree, on the West Bank, near the review of the State Road, To be built on the plan of the self suspended Bridge, The plan and specifications to be hereafter filed, and we have estimated the value, at Twenty-Five Hundred Dollars. All of which is respectfully submitted. Given under our hand this 13th day of November 1849.

"WILLIAM M. BOGGS

"I.W. HICKAM."

Estimated Cost $2,500.

The specifications for the bridge, filed with the county court two days later, stipulate an amazing amount and quality of lumber for an estimated cost of $2,500.

The stone work of the abutments was to be 22 feet long, 8 feet thick at the bottom and tapered so as to be 4 feet thick at the top. The height to be 30 feet. The foundation for these abutments was to be made of oak timbers "12 inches thick, 18 feet long running from the water's edge into the bank, and 24 feet long up and down the creek."

The string timbers were specified to be of white oak, 12 by 14 inches square and the floor planking of white oak, 2 by 10 inches. The bridge was to be weatherboarded with "good black walnut plank, dressed, and shingled in with good white pine shingles."

The hand railing and studding for the roof and sides was "to be put up of good sound timber in a strong, substantial, workmanlike manner."

____________________

Commentary:
The reporter and editor of the last article in the Columbia Missourian seem to have been math-challenged. The bridge was 75 years old at the time of this article, not 65 as reported twice.

Unfortunately, the plans by the Boone County Historical Society of the time did not materialize and the bridge was not saved for future generations.

The Jefferson City Daily Tribune, April 27, 1887, p. 4/col. 3, included an article attributed to the Rocheport Commercial newspaper that incorrectly said the covered bridge was built in 1854, and that it was "probably he oldest bridge in the state." The article also claimed the bridge "is the most substantial bridge in the county, and from all appearances is good for thirty years yet."

According to a Missouri Historical Review article (Vol. 36, April 1942, p. 336), the bridge was built in 1850-1851. The state improved the road and made it the first cross-state highway in 1912, later callilng it Highway 2. In 1925, the route became US Route 40. "Then the wooden structure, though which covered wagons once headed to California, saw sleek transcontinental buses crossing the Perche on a new bridge."

The Columbia Evening Missourian of August 5, 1921, p. 2/cols. 2-3, carried an article about the covered bridge titled "Hundreds of Auto Tourists Now Cross Old Civil War Landmark." The article adds a few things to our knowledge of the bridge. For example, it says that: "Before the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad was built a large hack with a white canvas top, driven from Rocheport to Columbia for twenty-five years by 'Uncle Billy' Ridgeway of Rocheport, crossed te bridge twice daily with passenges, produce, and the Columbia, Midway and Rocheport mail-bags." It also tells us that the old bridge had been washed away in 1849.
An article by Dorothy J. Caldwell in the Missouri Historical Review (Vol. 61, January 1967, pp. 229-236) added that the bridge was "closed to utilitarian traffic in the 1920s with the opening of U.S. Highway 40" and that it was razed in 1931.

It is interesting to note that Mr. Burroughs' occupation in the 1850 and 1870 Boone County, Missouri, census was "farmer." In the 1860 census, Mr. Burroughs was a "renter," presumably of a farm, and lived as a neighbor of Ishmael Van Horn in the vicinity of the covered bridge that he had built. The editor wonders if Mr. Burroughs had ever built a bridge before he was contracted by the County to build this one.

The State Historical Society of Missouri has a number of photographs of the Perche Creek covered bridge in their photograph collection, all of which seem to be from late in the bridge's life. They show that the bridge was situated very close to the high east bank of the creek but had a very long approach over the Perche creek bottoms at the west side.

O.D. Royer Icebox, ca 1905, Added To the Easley Store

2010-03-04T07:44:00.001-06:00

Boone County Historical Society collection. Donated by Charles & Judy Johnson and David & Jo Sapp.

The icebox pictured was made ca 1905 by the O.D. Royer Mfg. Company and is rare because it was made with see-through sides for the commercial market of stores and shops. While the available information suggests that the Royer Manufacturing company moved from Downing, Wisconsin to Minneapolis, Minnesota, before 1900, the brass handles on the box doors are stamped with a patent date of Mar. 26, 1901. Thus the estimated 1905 date of manufacture. It measures 24-5/8" x 24-5/8" x 62-3/4" high.

Oscar David Royer was born 13 December 1866 probably in Waverly, Franklin county, Iowa, and died 2 February 1949 in Pasadena (Altadena), Los Angeles county, California. He married Elma Etta Hall, daughter of Amos and Amelia Hall, 13 June 1890. "O.D."as he was known, was a sales representative for Specialty Display Case Co. in Kendalleville, Indiana, and then owned a factory in Downing, Wisconsin. Later he established the Royer Refrigerator Co. in Minneapolis, Minnesota, before moving his family to California where he owned a wholesale candy distributing firm.

The iceboxes that he made displayed chocolates and cheeses and other items needing refrigeration. The see-through sides have double panes of glass about 1" apart. The top ice compartment is insulated in the method of the day, probably with flax straw, and includes a beveled mirror on the side opposite the doors. The door side was probably positioned toward the store clerk for the clerk’s access, while the mirror side faced the customer.

This icebox’s journey from Wisconsin to Boone county is unknown, except for the fact that it was acquired by Mr. & Mrs. Johnson after having for a time been in a restaurant at the Lake of the Ozarks area. Thus, while not a “Boone county artifact,” the wonderful piece is a perfect addition to the Easley General Store in the historical society’s Village at Boone Junction.

Boone County Opposes Emancipation To The End

2010-02-26T06:10:00.004-06:00

From: Missouri As It Is In 1867: an illustrated historical gazetteer of Missouri, p. 424. See the Missouri Digital Heritage web site at:
http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/mocohist&CISOPTR=93862&REC=4

THE EMANCIPATION ORDINANCE.

THE following is the Emancipation ordinance and the votes taken on its final passage in the State Convention, on Tuesday, the 11th day of January, 1865. It is a noble record, and one that in the future history of our State will be regarded with the profoundest admiration and gratitude.

An Ordinance Abolishing Slavery in Missouri.

Be it ordained by the people of the State of Missouri in convention assembled:

That hereafter in this State there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and all persons held in service or labor as slaves, are hereby declared free.

Commentary:
Following the proclamation was the record of the vote. There were 60 AYE votes and only 4 NAY votes. One of those voting NAY was William F. Switzler, the representative from Boone county. The other three NAY votes were by representatives from Platte, Callaway and Clay counties.

Many believe that Missouri’s slaves were freed by President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863. In reality, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. Missouri, of course, was one of those border states, so though abolitionists were encouraged, emancipation in Missouri had to await first, a military victory by the North, and then a State Convention. As seen, Boone county, through our representative William F. Switzler, was defiant to the last.

It is also interesting to note that Mr. Switzler, who took part in the historical 1865 State Convention, only briefly referred to the Convention when he compiled the massive1882 history of his county and made no reference to his vote against the above ordinance abolishing slavery. (See p. 474 of the History of Boone County Missouri.)